tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68979925650455416812024-03-05T06:47:00.242-05:00Living in the PastHistory, all around usUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger235125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-74178847522017956712012-08-30T18:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T18:00:04.194-04:006pm: U.S. Army Regulars finally put breaks on Reb attack, Pope calls it quits<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
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Stonewall Jackson was making very little effort to attack
the Union men opposite him. He didn’t really have to. Longstreet’s complete
obliteration of the defenders on Chinn Ridge had caught them in an untenable
trap between the two wings of the Confederate army, and they were withdrawing
on their own. All Jackson had to do was keep them moving.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Like during the Seven Days’ the month before, it is
difficult to understand why the hyper aggressive Jackson chose not to push home
an attack. Lee was riding with Longstreet and caught up in the fight, but
Jackson was not usually one to need orders to charge. It’s also possible that
he recognized the exhaustion of his men after the grueling two weeks previous
and didn’t want to risk their repulse and rout while the Northerners were
giving up already. </div>
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Powell Hill certainly saw it, and urged his exhausted men
who had broken charge after charge the day before forward only sufficiently to
keep the pressure on. Some<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>did so
enthusiastically enough to capture several batteries, but they were the
exception. The rest came forward steadily, enduring bombardment from Matthews’
Hill, and keeping ranks well enough to remind the attackers-turned-defenders
that they could charge, even if they hadn’t yet.</div>
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Coordinating the fall back on the other side was Samuel
Heintzelman, at last exercising some sort of command commiserate with his rank.
He felt fortunate that his two divisions were posted on either wing of Dogan’s
Ridge too, for the first time. He had Kearny fall back<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>along the banks of Bull Run, guarding against
any effort by Jackson to ford at Sudley Springs and cut off retreat, and Hooker
to manage falling back along the turnpike.</div>
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Heintzelman had already sent some of Sigel’s troops including
his artillery to Buck Hill, while others were rushed to the southerly end of
Dogan’s Ridge to stem Longstreet’s attacks. There had been very little
coordinated effort by the Southerners, though, and it had mostly been brigades
or mobs that had gotten carried away and charged against whoever they saw. </div>
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<br /></div>
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With the First Corps, Army of Virginia men thrown down as
sacrificial lambs to stem the Southern assault, had been Abner Doubleday.
Doubleday was now commanding King’s division, but with two of the brigades
routed as part of Porter’s assault, and John Gibbon being himself, he was
pretty much leading only his own brigade. He had been placed by Hooker on the
Turnpike, below the Dogan house, but with the dissipation of an organized
Confederate assault, he was now facing an entirely different threat. He was so
far out that Sigel’s artillery on Buck Hill thought they were Confederates and
took aim on then. Doubleday had his regiments wave their flag, but the
artillerists thought it was a sign of defiance and brought more guns to bear. A
trained artillerist himself, Doubleday turned his brigade around and marched
into the Confederates in order to ruin their aim while his messenger ran at top
speed to call them off.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Henry Hill</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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It was Henry Hill on which the fight was still raging. Irvin
McDowell was doing everything he could to solve the problem he had created by
moving as many troops as possible to the top. Henry and Buck Hills form twin
pillars, through which the Warrenton Turnpike passes on to cross Bull Run at
Stone Bridge. Keeping both was essential to using the Turnpike as an avenue of
communication to Washington, for reinforcements or retreat.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Opposite the Sudley Road on Chinn Ridge Longstreet’s assault
was now in the hands of D.R. “Neighbor” Jones, commanding a nearly entirely Georgian
division. Behind him on the ridge were the remains of two Confederate
divisions, entirely without order. Some soldiers had plopped down exhausted,
some were corralling their prisoners, and others were fighting on with the
Georgia men as leaderless masses.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On the far left were a brigade of regulars—some of the few
professional soldiers as opposed to volunteers provided by the states. This had
been the brigade that Pope had found marching away on the Turnpike and they
were making up for it with some of the fiercest fighting of the day. Not only
did they have to hold back the Georgians, but a brigade of southside Virginians
from Anderson’s division had come up and was wrapping around their flank [where
NOVA is today]. The 83<sup>rd</sup> New York, one of Sigel’s that had become
separated on Chinn Ridge, but fell back to Henry Hill and joined the regulars
instead of running, held the edge of the line as well as a professional unit.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On the other end of the line, John Reynolds was leading the
two surviving brigades of the Pennsylvania Reserves. Unlike further to the left
where Robert Milroy’s brigade was stationed and the Georgians had to plunge
down hill from Chinn Ridge, only to scale the road banks to Henry Hill, most of
Reynolds’ men were in the valley of Young’s Branch. Sigel’s artillery—finally
letting Doubleday pass—was perfectly positioned to make up for the poor ground.
After a charge, the Georgians staggered back and Reynolds was ready.</div>
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<br /></div>
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With a cheer, the Pennsylvanians dashed across Sudley Road,
Milroy at their side, and forced the Georgians to flee all the way up Chinn
Ridge. Reynolds sent a runner to McDowell to let him know the enemy was falling
back and to send reinforcements. But Robert Milroy was already at headquarters
ranting, a mad look in his eye. One staffer remembered that it took minutes to
even figure out what Milroy was saying, but the gist of it was that he wanted a
second brigade assigned to him so he could rout the Confederates. The staffer
wrote that McDowell pretended he wasn’t there.</div>
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McDowell did, however, respond to Reynolds’ request, and the
final brigade of the army, another of regulars, was put in behind the
Pennsylvania Reserves. In the confusion of the battlefield and subsequent
recriminations, it’s hard to track exactly who ordered what. But when the
regular brigade took position in Young’s Branch, Reynolds’ Pennsylvania
Reserves fell back and turned over defense to them.</div>
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<br /></div>
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McDowell was just getting things stabilized when an order
reached him from John Pope: general retreat. The Union was admitting defeat.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-90327183213938092462012-08-30T17:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T17:00:03.340-04:005pm: Yanks try to stem Reb tide on Chinn Ridge, but are washed away<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png/492px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="312" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png/492px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1630.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Note: Jackson's wing not depicted</td></tr>
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<b>Chinn Ridge</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Hood’s Texans had swept away Warren’s Fifth Corps, Army of
the Potomac brigade, and a brigade from the Pennsylvania Reserves, and now
turned on the one brigade remaining south of the Turnpike, a First Corps, Army
of Virginia brigade of Ohioans. They were disorganized, but still frenzied with
battle, more of a mob with a common purpose than a brigade. The commander of
the Ohio brigade remembered:</div>
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As soon as our retreating troops got out of the way, I
opened upon the enemy with my artillery, and as they came nearer, with a heavy
fire from my infantry, with the result that I drove them back more rapidly than
they had advanced. During this time my attention was called to a body of troops
in the rear of my left flank, and supposing them to be enemies I ordered two
pieces of my artillery to be turned upon them, but countermanded this order
when assured that they were our own troops coming to my assistance… This proved
to be a mistake, as I very soon discovered.</div>
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In a strange analog to the first battle near Manassas on a
larger scale, James Kemper’s division had gotten lost trying to keep up with
Hood’s surging Texans. Instead of coming up in front of the Ohioans as they
should have, they ranged down a ravine to the south, and came up the far side
of Chinn Ridge, behind the Northern men. They still fought well enough that the
Southerners didn’t realize how completely they had surprised them:</div>
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On we advanced until we nearly reached a small
outbuilding—when suddenly a regiment of the enemy sprang up from behind a wall
and let us have a withering volley at point blank pistol range. We were not
expecting it, and it came upon us with the suddenness of a thunderbolt. Colonel
Marye fell, his leg fractured by a bullet, and many were killed by that volley.
All discipline now was at an end, and individual bravery fully made up for the
deficiency. We all sprang forward with one ringing yell—the officers waving
their swords and the men standing still only long enough to fire off their guns….</div>
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The Ohio brigade commander felt his men were holding but “at
this time I saw what appeared to be a heavy force advancing on my right flank.”
They were another brigade of Confederates, this time with Shanks Evans. “I felt
if they reached me as I was then situated it would result in my defeat with
great loss. Under these circumstances I gave the order to fall back slowly.”
Disgustedly, he blamed Reynolds for leaving, since if the Pennsylvania Reserves
had been to his left, he would have been able to hold.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On the other end of the ridge, near the Turnpike, the two
brigades of Ricketts’ that had been rushed (as opposed to the two Heintzelman
had refused to give up) were trying to get in the fight, but had to deploy
while being hammered by Longstreet’s artillery and mobs of Texans, now joined
by South Carolinians. The brigade commander fell wounded, early on, but the
brigade held under withering fire, until the Ohioans marched right through the
middle of their formation. “The battalion rallies as far as possible,
continuing to fire,” the colonel of one of Ricketts’ regiments wrote. “Those in
retreat were rallied on the flank at the edge of the timber.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Another First Corps brigade had been rushed up Chinn Ridge
behind Ricketts’ wavering men:</div>
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To our left, where we found the De Kalb regiment [41<sup>st</sup>
New York] isolated from their brigade, a battery… had been abandoned. The last
named regiment.. endeavored to save the cannons, but in vain. The enemy by this
time had brought up and posted near the border of the woods two sections of
artillery, which, from a distance of scarcely 200 yards, covered [the brigade]…
with a perfect shower of projectiles.</div>
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With the Confederate brigade and division commanders barely
able to control their infantry, James Longstreet was personally placing
artillery and selecting targets. Most of the time he was methodically picking
off any Union guns that were aimed at the oncoming Southern tide. The Union men
could scarcely set up or pivot a gun to help their comrades on Chinn Ridge
without Longstreet ordering down a hellish hail of ordnance on them. Behind
him, Lee rode, looking on approvingly.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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While the Texans and South Carolinians hammered the mob of
men from Ricketts’ division and the First Corps, the third brigade from the
division decided to cross the Turnpike and hit the Union stronghold on Dogan’s
Ridge.</div>
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Unable to distinguish the locality of the Texas Brigade,
and seeing the enemy was pushing a heavy force into the ravine and pine
thickets in front of me [one brigade from Schenck’s division]… just below Dogan’s
house, apparently for the purpose of securing their formidable battery posted
there [Hazlett’s, back in action], I carried three regiments to that point.</div>
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They charged the house and the depleted brigade faced
overwhelming odds.</div>
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The regiment [the 45<sup>th</sup> New York] took
position in an orchard on the left… to meet the advancing force of rebel
infantry which was coming out of the woods and pushing up the hill. Two
regiments of infantry had been brought up by General Hooker and drew up on our
left—the only support [we had] on that part of the hill.</div>
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The regiments were from John Gibbon’s brigade, and Hooker
hadn’t had time to send them. They were the 2<sup>nd</sup> and 7<sup>th</sup>
Wisconsin, that had been ravaged at Brawner’s Farm the opening evening of the
battle.</div>
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The 45<sup>th</sup> New York came running from an
orchard; we could not stop them, until Gen. Gibbon orders us to charge bayonets…
He order[ed] them back, but the frightened men dare not go. He turns to the
shattered Second and says, “Men, will you go?” The men responded with cheers
and an officer dashed to the front yelling “Come on Boys, God damn them we can
keep them back!”</div>
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</div>
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Law’s brigade fell back to regroup. It was then that a
messenger arrived from Hooker, who had local command the troops around the
Dogan House, ordering all troops to fall back to Buck Hill. The hyper
aggressive Gibbon cursed out the officer who brought him the order, and swore
he didn’t report to Hooker and wouldn’t fall back. In a few minutes the officer
was back and explained that Hooker had said Buck Hill must be secured. The
position at Dogan’s ridge couldn’t hold off Longstreet’s men from the south and
the expected forthcoming attack from Jackson from the north and west. Reluctantly,
Gibbon gave the order.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Henry Hill</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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The brutal slaughter on Chinn Ridge was essential, from
McDowell’s perspective, in order to buy time to get defenders on Henry Hill. More
than anyone on the field except maybe Jackson McDowell knew that the site of
the Henry House was the key position for the entire area, even more so than Buck
Hill. Whoever held it dictated everything in the surrounding countryside, and
if it was Lee then there was no escape for Pope’s army.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had left the Ohio
brigade and ridden to Henry Hill, where he found John Pope. The commanding
general, who had fallen into a stupor shortly after Porter’s failure, had
regained his vitality, and was galloping to and fro swearing up a storm to
arrange the defenses. He had recognized the hill’s value at least in stemming
Longstreet’s relentless wave, but it had been the regular army stalwarts that
had truly reanimated him. While riding past Stone House in a daze he had run
into a battalion of the 17<sup>th</sup> Infantry, calmly marching towards the
Stone Bridge and safety. When he asked where the hell they were going, the commanding
officer calmly told him they were marching over Bull Run to cook their dinners.
Pope exploded, and re-routed the entire brigade of regulars to Henry Hill.</div>
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<br /></div>
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By a happy coincidence, John Reynolds was on Henry Hill too,
with the remaining two brigades of Pennsylvania Reserves. Pope’s staff officer
had found him after Heintzelman’s dismissal, and told him to hurry south of the
turnpike. Either through a misunderstanding or through Reynolds’ timely
insubordination, the Reserves had been marched not to the maelstrom of Chinn
Ridge, but to a strong defensive position on top of Henry Hill.</div>
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<br /></div>
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McDowell joined Pope riding up and down the line and placing
infantry and artillery for maximum defense. With one of his divisions being
massacred on Chinn Ridge, Franz Sigel, still had the presence of mind to send
Milroy’s brigade to Henry Hill. The sun was beginning to set low in the sky,
and the smoke of battle gave a hellish appearance to its late summer redness. As
McDowell looked across Sudley Road to Chinn Ridge it became apparent that
Milroy would be the last reinforcements they would receive before the
Confederates hit.</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-43666239929805718572012-08-30T16:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T16:00:02.142-04:004pm: Longstreet's counterattack obliterates Yanks south of the Turnpike<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
..................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1600.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>Brawner’s Farm</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Before Lee’s orders even reached him James Longstreet
modified his orders from the morning. The diversion was going to become a
full-scale attack by all 28,000 men in his wing. Hood’s brigade (followed by
the rest of Evans’ Division) was told to “push for the plateau at the Henry
House, in order to cut off [Pope’s] retreat at the crossings by Young’s Branch.”
Kemper’s division would move on their right, followed by Neighbor Jones.
Anderson, as the army’s reserve, was up to Lee to commit. Wilcox’s division was
already moving forward north of the Turnpike without orders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wilcox had sent two of his brigades forward as soon as he
saw Porter start retreating. He had decided on his own initiative to cut off
the retreating Union soldiers, but it didn’t go as planned.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
We reached the works in front and passed through the
skirt of woods over 600 yards wide, when we came to another old field some half
a mile or three-quarters in width. Here we found on the opposite side of the
field the enemy drawn up in line of battle, with several pieces of artillery
turned on our troops, and directing a rapid, heavy, and destructive fire both
upon the right and left of our lines.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The artillery opposite Wilcox belonged to Franz Sigel, Jesse
Reno, and Sam Heintzelman, and they were hammering two of Jackson’s brigades as
well that had also tried to chase Porter’s men. The three corps commander’s men
were lined up in battle lines, waiting for a counterattack from Jackson, but also
trying to do their best to intercept Porter’s fleeing men.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Robert Milroy wrote that he tried to stop “the great tide of
cowardly runaways”:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
I tried this a while alone with my sword, but soon found
I could not stay the tide. I then ordered my brigade to deploy into line and
threw them rapidly across the [Warrenton Turnpike] and valley… and ordered my regiments
to face the front and fix bayonets and stop every man whether officer or
private.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
George Morell had arrived on the battlefield in dismay. He
had missed his men’s charge thanks to a mistaken detour to Centreville and now
saw them streaming down the Turnpike as fast as they could move. Spurring his
horse he road up and down the lines, trying to rally them with very limited
success.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But aside from the four brigades involved directly in the
attack, the rest of the Union position was holding, uneasily, waiting for
Stonewall Jackson to counterattack. As the senior corps commander, Sam
Heintzelman was steadying the men, trying to make sure the panic of the routed
brigades didn’t spread, when a staff officer from Pope arrived. Irvin McDowell
had convinced Pope that Porter’s failure meant that the Confederate threat
south of the Turnpike was imminent—presumably first having to convince him it
existed. But thanks in a large part to McDowell’s all-out strategy, there were
only two brigades south of the Turnpike to defend.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
McDowell wanted the remaining two brigades from Ricketts’
division sent from the Sudley Springs area to Chinn Ridge. Looking across the
field at Jackson’s line, Heintzelman shook his head. He explained that they
were protecting his flank, and if they were moved Jackson could reach level ground
and collapse the whole Dogan’s Ridge position. But he volunteered the
Pennsylvania Reserves, who were useless to him now that Porter’s attack didn’t
need following up. The staffer dashed off to find John Reynolds.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Groveton</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hood’s brigade moved forward with a whoop, all the regiments
deployed in a single line of battle, their left anchored on the Turnpike. The
brigade moved across the hilly fields of the Virginia Piedmont and approached
the 10<sup>th</sup> New York from Warren’s small brigade, deployed as
skirmishers on the west side of Groveton. “As the brigade moved across the
first field of timber held by the enemy’s skirmishers,” the commander of the 5<sup>th</sup>
Texas wrote, “a change of front… made it necessary to move my men at a run
across the field. At the edge of the timber the enemy’s skirmishers were
encountered…”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Suddenly the rebel pickets arose and rapidly advanced,
firing as they came, and the Texas brigade burst into view from the woods
opposite,” a member of the 10<sup>th</sup> New York remembered. “The attack was
so sudden that the deployed companies of the 10<sup>th</sup> had barely time to
discharge their pieces once before the rebels were almost upon them.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Some fell back doggedly and fired, but the speed of the
Texans quickly overwhelmed them and the regiment turned into a disordered mob.
Gouverneur Warren, in command of their brigade, had only one additional
regiment, perched on a hill. As his men ran past him, he sent an aide to
Lieutenant Hazlett, letting him know he could not protect his guns at Groveton,
and then tried to stop enough New Yorkers to make a stand on the little hill.
Hazlett, whose guns were to the northwest of Warren, could do nothing to help
him. Having once fought his guns to the last on a hill near Manassas, he
decided to limber up and move to safety—just in time as it turned out.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hood’s men had become separated in the woods, with the 1<sup>st</sup>
Texas continuing down the Turnpike (chasing Hazlett), but the four other
regiments were more than sufficient against Warren’s one. The 5<sup>th</sup>
New York remembered later that it had been preternaturally quiet until the 10<sup>th</sup>
New York men came running by screaming that the enemy was upon them. “Attention
battalion!” one member recalled the officers shouting distinctly. “There was a
moments stillness, and then bang! Bang, bang, bang! Came the sound of shots
from the woods directly in our front.” Another said that “the balls began to
fly from the woods like hail. It was a continual hiss, snap, whiz, and slug.”
The New Yorkers stood stock still.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the woods, Hood’s men had run up against the 5<sup>th</sup>
New York’s skirmish line. “I ordered the regiment to fire on and charge them,”
the 5<sup>th</sup> Texas colonel wrote. “They broke and were closely pressed to
the open field, where we encountered a second line of the enemy in the Fifth
New York Zouaves…”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Texans came into view, but the 5<sup>th</sup> New York
couldn’t fire, because of the swarm of the 10<sup>th</sup> New York in front of
them. The left side of the line was clear an opened fire, but the Texans’ fire
was overwhelming. On the left, Warren was able to get the 10<sup>th</sup>’s
reserve into line and the front clear enough to unleash one volley, before the
wave of Texans was on them all. Various officers gave contradictory orders, as
the whole brigade was swept away. One officer wrote about the run:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
While running down the hill towards the small stream at
its foot, I saw the men dropping on all sides, canteens struck and flying to
pieces, haversacks cut off, rifles knocked to pieces, it was a perfect hail of
bullets—I was expecting to get it every second, but on, on, I went, the balls
hissing by my head. I felt one strike me on the hip, just grazing me and
cutting a hole in my pants. I crossed the run in the wake of Warren, he being
about 100 yards ahead of me, with his red cap in his hand, his horse running at
the top of his speed. I turned and looked behind once and only once, that was
enough to let me know there was no time to stop.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
McDowell had found one brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves on
his own, and sent them in front of Chinn Ridge and they had marched to the
crest just in time to see Warren’s brigade dissolve. He had one battery with
him, and the captain instantly volunteered to set his guns on the ridge, while the
commander hurried to get his men out of column and into lines. The Texans
briefly hesitated, then surged on, felling the brigade commander and collapsing
wrapping around the Pennsylvanians to catch them in a cross-fire.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A member of the 4<sup>th</sup> Texas wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The battery… held its ground, and as we neared it, began
to hurl… canister that tore great gaps in our ranks. Behind it lay, in a
thicket of cedars, a regiment whose special duty it was to support it, but when
[it] saw the two lines in front break into flight, it also broke and fled,
leaving the battery entirely without support. Then, feeling themselves
deserted, the men belonging to the battery abandoned it and made for the rear,
leaving only their captain to stand by it. And that he did, with a courage and
a heroism that, although wasted on the impossible, deservedly won the
admiration and even the sympathy of the foes he was doing his best to destroy.
Even when we had come within forty yards of the guns, he stood at the only
loaded one, and was in the act of discharging it when he was shot down.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Chinn Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
McDowell was horrified at the rout of Warren and one brigade
of the reserves, standing with a brigade of his fellow Buckeye Staters on Chinn
Ridge from Sigel’s corps. The men wanted to open up on Hood’s brigade right
away, and McDowell had to personally ride in front of their artillery to stop
them from opening up into their own men who were mixed in. There was also an Ohio
regiment from the brigade that had been detached rapidly falling back and right
between the brigade and the Texans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But
it was not the Texans that were about to become the Ohioans biggest problem. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-51001204991208691482012-08-30T15:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T15:00:01.906-04:003pm: Yanks charge unfinished railroad, Rebs throw rocks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
..................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug30_1500.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>Unfinished Railroad and Groveton-Sudley Road</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fitz John Porter ordered forward his lead division and
King’s division (under John Hatch). They had been lined up in Groveton Woods
parallel to Groveton-Sudley Road (Featherbed Lane) with a three brigade front,
and now pivoted on the right-most across an open plain towards the railroad.
Watching from Brawner’s Farm, James Longstreet couldn’t help but admire the
smartly executed military maneuver:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
I reached a point… where I could plainly see the
Federals as they rushed in heavy masses against the obstinate ranks of the
Confederate left. It was a grand display of well-organized attack, thoroughly
concentrated and operating cleverly.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The left brigade had more ground to cover than almost any
other unit, and had to do it entirely in the open. Remembered the colonel of
the 17<sup>th</sup> New York, in the lead of the brigade:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
We crossed the road, the men scrambling over the fence
on the other side, and moved forward steadily in quick time. No sooner had we
appeared in plain view of the enemy than he opened a tremendous fire of
artillery and musketry on our advancing line. Nothing could surpass the
behavior of the officers and the men, the latter steadily closing the huge gaps
made in the ranks.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The 17<sup>th</sup> New York actually had a slightly easier
time than the rest of its brigade going in. Four regiments followed behind it,
one after the other, which made even more appealing targets to the Southern
gunners. In the woods it had been too difficult to form the line of battle that
was standard, so Porter had intended for them to do so in the field before
charging the railroad. A member of the 44<sup>th</sup> New York, next in line,
wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Emerging from the woods, we were ordered to deploy
column, a maneuver we tried to execute under a galling fire of the enemy’s
batteries and infantry; and most of the companies became badly tangled; the
enemy was concealed in an old railroad cut about 500 yards in our front, and
their fire… made sad havoc of our ranks; the rain of shot and shell… was
something terrible. About midway across this open field was a dry brook into
which many of our men fell for shelter…</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the casualties crossing the field was the brigade
commander, so the colonel of the 44<sup>th</sup> New York took command. Not a
military man, he did his best to get the brigade into position for the final
charge into the bristling muskets behind the railroad cut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As the New Yorkers had advanced across the field, Colonel
Bradley Johnson’s Virginia brigade rapidly threw themselves into the railroad
cut, some without even loading their weapons. Next to Johnson’s brigade, a
soldier in the Stonewall Brigade wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Federals came up in front of us [as] suddenly as men
rising up out of the ground, showing themselves at the old railroad line
opposite our line in double battle phalanx coming forward in slow time, ouring
their shot in our ranks in unmerciful volume.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Northern men, now more-or-less fanned out as intended,
slammed into the Confederate lines, sending the first line of defenders
staggering back towards the rest of their units in the woods on Stony Ridge. On
the far right of the advance, a member of the 24<sup>th</sup> New York from
Hatch’s brigade remembered that the charge “seemed like the popular idea of
pandemonium made real, and indeed it is scarcely too much to say that we were
transformed for the time from a lot of good natured boys to the most
bloodthirsty of demoniacs.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The 24<sup>th</sup>’s commander, only a major because of
losses, was shot dead off his horse right as he reached the embankment. An
officer from the regiment wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Those of us who were on the embankment were too few to
even attempt to drive out the troops on the other side of it and accordingly
lay as flat to the slope as we could, crawling occasionally to the top, and
discharging our muskets, held horizontally over our heads, in the direction
which seemed to afford a chance of hitting something on the other side.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the other side was Starke’s Louisiana brigade, led by its
senior colonel, Leroy Stafford. A soldier in the 1<sup>st</sup> Louisiana
remembered their first volley into Hatch’s brigade and the 24<sup>th</sup> New
York: “When the smoke arose the line of Federals was almost swept away, with
the exception of the gallant band who [had] advanced and secured protection on
the opposite side of the embankment.” A second attack wave crashed against them
from Hatch’s brigade and almost dislodged the Louisianans, but their
reinforcements came rushing into the hand-to-hand combat from the Stony Ridge
tree line.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the center of the attack, the Stonewall Brigade had been
knocked out of the railroad by another New York regiment. Wielding his saber,
Colonel Baylor ordered the second-line of Virginians to charge to regain it.
Watching the flag of the 33<sup>rd</sup> Virginia fall and rise again three
times as its bearer was shot, Baylor grabbed it himself and screamed “Boys,
follow me!” in an instant he staggered as several minie balls riddled his body,
and fell dead. The Stonewall counterattack fizzled and they began falling back.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A messenger ran as fast as he could to Jackson, who was
pacing not far behind another part of the line and begged for reinforcements.
“What brigade?” Jackson asked. “Stonewall Brigade,” the messenger replied, and
Jackson told him to “go back, give my complements to them, and tell the
Stonewall Brigade to maintain her reputation.” Jackson thought better of his
harsh words though, and called the officer back, telling him instead to hold on
for a short time longer and he would provide reinforcements. To find them, he
asked A.P. Hill to send two from his battered division, and sent an urgent plea
to Lee for some of Longstreet’s men.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At some point, John Hatch was wounded, but the individual
units were fighting on their own now. Back on the right of Porter’s attack,
Marsena Patrick had thrown his men in behind the men of Hatch’s brigade that
were clinging to the railroad. Only some of the men had a few hundred yards of
open space to cross before reaching the railroad, but Longstreet’s artillerists
were zeroed in now, and fired with devastating effect. Cadmus Wilcox, watching
from Brawner’s witnessed the effect of the artillery:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Seeing a second line issuing from the woods upon the
field, I was in the act of ordering a battery to be placed in position to fire
upon them when a battery was directed by the major general commanding
[Longstreet] to fire upon them… They were caught in the open field. The effect
of every shot could be seen... As the shells and spherical case would burst
over in front and near them their ranks would break, hesitate and scatter…</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nonetheless some of the brigade made it forward, to find
themselves in the same position as those that had preceded them. A Confederate
soldier from Alabama wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
They just simply jammed up against the embankment
opposite the right of the 15<sup>th</sup> Alabama and one of the Louisiana
regiments. They were so thick it was impossible to miss them. Cicero Kirkland,
of my company… mounted on top of our breastwork [the railroad] and poured buck
and ball into them as fast as one of the boys could load and hand him a musket…
What a slaughter! What a slaughter of men that was!”</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Louisianans grabbed rounds off the dead and wounded, but
their ammunition soon ran out still. An Irish immigrant fighting with them
shouted “Boys, give them the rocks!” and they began chucking them at the Union
men. An officer from a New York regiment related later drolly called it “an
unlooked for variation in the proceedings.” He continued: “Huge stones began to
fall about us and now and then one of them would happen to strike with a very
unpleasant effect.” Some of the New Yorkers decided to throw them back.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The rock throwing lasted only for a short time when one of
the promised brigades from Hill, with plenty of ammunition, sprinted the last
few hundred feet to the railroad embankment. No reinforcements had come from
Porter’s second division, so the commanders of the attack ordered the
withdrawal. In many cases, the order was superfluous, the men had already left.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the left of the attack, where the men had the furthest
distance to cover, they had to deal with additional artillery that Longstreet
had moved into action rather than sending infantry reinforcements. One soldier
from the brigade wrote: “The whole brigade went back pell-mell together… The
Rebels kept up a heavy fire upon them as they retired, and it is probably that
as many men were lost in the retreat as in the advance.” More than a few Union
soldiers decided it was better to surrender than to cross the field again.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Groveton</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the woods north of Groveton, Fitz John Porter had watched
the spectacular defeat grimly. He had been fatalistic about the attack from the
start, a negativity that probably saved some of his men by convincing Sigel to
launch a supporting attack from Dogan’s Ridge with one division, keeping
Jackson from transferring reinforcements from a closer point. But when the
three brigades slowed at the railroad, Porter had immediately decided to
withhold his division of Regulars. The Confederates were still on the
battlefield in force, he reasoned, it was too dangerous to put in his last
reserves.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Chinn Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If Porter was grim, Irvin McDowell was frantic. Pope’s
entire plan for battle was predicated on breaking Jackson’s line, if that was
done then Lee was defeated. Even if Jackson wasn’t already retreating, he would
be when the railroad was taken. Porter had been very negative about his chances
of success, so McDowell was working overtime to give him every resource he
needed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Very shortly after Porter’s men stepped off, McDowell
transferred two brigades away from Ricketts on the Sudley Road to Groveton, by
way of Dogan’s Ridge, and rode to Chinn Ridge to find Reynolds. As the
Confederate artillery began booming, McDowell ordered Reynolds to march up
Chinn Ridge north of the Turnpike and be ready to go in after Porter.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reynolds did so with disgust. The obsession with defeating
Jackson once again won out over basic force protection. As his men marched off
the ridge they passed the one Ohio brigade of Sigel’s that had been dispatched
to “that bald hill” which they took to mean Chinn Ridge. Their commander wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a very short time, to my intense surprise, Genl
Reynolds marched with his whole command immediately across my front to the
right, leaving me entirely alone with no other troops in sight. Thinking Genl
Reynolds had forgotten me, I sent an officer to ask if he had any orders for
me. He answered no, but tell him to take care of himself, as the enemy are
approaching in heavy force through the woods.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Stuart’s Hill</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Reynolds was more right than he knew. From his headquarters,
Lee was sending observational information back and forth through all parts of
his army, by signal flag and currier, to make sure each end knew what was going
on. At approximately 3:45 a messenger from Jackson had confirmed what Lee’s
eyes were telling him, the Union men were beginning to fall back from the
railroad. Lee turned to another officer on his staff and sent the order he had
been waiting for to Longstreet: attack.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-9721066028556928382012-08-30T14:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T14:00:02.895-04:002pm: Still no Yank attack, but a lot of personal attacks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
...................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>Groveton</b></div>
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A note from Fitz John Porter expressing concern about the
attack because of all the changes to the plan reached Irvin McDowell as he was
riding with John Reynolds through the hamlet of Groveton. As Reynolds had
assured him the picket line was very hot, and had been for the length of
Reynolds line. McDowell had been unable to conclude anything other than
Reynolds’ assertion that some massive Confederate force was well beyond the
Union left.</div>
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so Pope committed most of the army’s reserves, Sigel’s corps, before the attack
even began. He forwarded Porter’s request to Sigel and told Porter he could
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Which left Reynolds again alone south of the Turnpike (even
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division commander know the significance of Porter’s attack and that therefore
he would not be reinforced. Instead, he recommended that Reynolds pull his
division back from Groveton to Chinn Ridge. Reynolds, who never wanted to be in
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As the Pennsylvania Reserves marched off, the men of Battery
D, 5<sup>th</sup> U.S. Artillery battery looked on with alarm. After Reynolds
had cleared the hamlet, Porter had put the six guns on a sharp little hill
jutting above it. Charles Hazlett had commanded a section of the battery at
First Bull Run, when it had been pushed far forward along with Ricketts’
battery to sweep Henry Hill of Jackson’s Confederates. On that day Hazlett and
the battery commander had argued the guns needed to be moved off Henry Hill,
because no infantry was there to protect them, but they had been overruled, and
shortly after men from the Stonewall Brigade had slaughtered the battery and
captured the guns. Hazlett had escaped along with the battery commander (while
James Ricketts was wounded and captured nearby).</div>
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Determined not to repeat his experience of the previous
summer, Hazlett sent a runner to Fitz John Porter asking for help. Porter, who
was relying on the accurate fire of the battery to soften up the railroad
defensive line before the attack, and to knock out Confederate batteries during
it, instantly sent the small New York brigade of Gouverneur Warren to occupy
Groveton. It was less men for the assault, but it was worth keeping Hazlett’s
battery in position.</div>
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<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
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At Army of Virginia headquarters, John Pope was in fits of
rage at Porter again. It had been over two hours since he ordered Porter to
attack and no attack had yet occurred. When a messenger arrived again
confirming the Confederates were in force south of the Turnpike, Pope could
only irritably wave in a southerly direction and snarl to staffer that he
should tell Sigel to send a brigade to “that bald hill.” The staffer was only
slightly less perplexed than Franz Sigel, to whom he repeated the vague gesture
on Dogan’s Ridge ten minutes later. Sigel did his best, pulling one brigade
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Back at headquarters, Pope had taken a break from his tirade
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him and bring me word why he doesn’t attack,” he snapped at a staff officer.
The officer rode off and Porter resumed his rant, as McDowell rode back from
his examination of the left. Shortly before three (and before Pope’s staffer
reached Porter) the boom of Porter’s artillery quickened and cheers drifted
over the battlefield. The attack was at last beginning.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-57259417120130559712012-08-30T13:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T13:00:01.659-04:001pm: Yanks prepare for the attack, Pope ignores reports about Longstreet<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
....................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Army of Virginia headquarters was overrun by disgruntled
subordinates during the 1:00 hour. In one corner, James Ricketts was arguing
with Irvin McDowell that he couldn’t lead a column down the Haymarket Road [no
longer existent] because the Confederates were still behind the unfinished
railroad cut. He had advanced his skirmishers, he could see the artillery,
McDowell had to believe they were there. For a time, his superior pushed back,
since he himself had been to the area and somehow missed the Confederate army
while scouting, but eventually he relented. He told Ricketts to hold off on
pursuit, and sent a messenger to Sam Heintzelman for the column to wait.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Nearby, a messenger from Franz Sigel was gravely relaying
information to John Pope. The First Corps, Army of Virginia commander, who
believed McDowell and Heintzelman’s scouting report that Jackson was
retreating, had reservations about Pope’s dismissal of Porter and Reynolds’
reports that Longstreet was south of the Turnpike. He had sent a regiment of
New York cavalry down the Old Warrenton-Alexandria-Washington Pike [Ball’s Ford
Road] and they had run into Confederate cavalry, infantry, and artillery in
substantial numbers. Alarmed at their report, Sigel had sent them directly to
Pope.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Sigel’s messenger hadn’t been finished long when John
Reynolds rode up at a gallop, his horse in a lather. “The enemy is turning our
left!” he shouted to Pope. The commanding general shrugged Reynolds off, but
this time the Pennsylvanian wasn’t going to let it go. He had advanced some
skirmishers as far as Lewis Lane and found the expected return fire in front of
him, but it was fire that came far from his left that had so unsettled him.
“The skirmishers opened fire upon me, and I was obliged to run the gauntlet of
a heavy fire to gain the rear of my division,” he wrote after the battle. It
meant there were Confederates far further south than there were Union units and
all it would take was an order to outflank the army.</div>
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<br /></div>
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“I thought the information of sufficient importance to bring
it to you myself and run the gauntlet of three Rebel battalions,” Reynolds
angrily snarled at Pope, “I would have thought you would believe me.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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Pope called over Brig. General John Buford and asked him to
use his cavalry brigade to scout the left in order to mollify Reynolds, but it
didn’t work. Reynolds didn’t need a scout, he needed support against the
Confederate masses opposite him, so he found McDowell and argued his case to
him. McDowell listened with concern as Reynolds explained the Confederates
hadn’t retreated, they had just shifted so as to flank the army. It didn’t
square with Ricketts’ report that the Confederates hadn’t moved at all. But
Reynolds was insistent enough that McDowell mounted his horse and asked to see
it personally.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Groveton Woods</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Fitz John Porter was also having problems with his orders.
When he had left headquarters, there had been a miscommunication in Pope’s
vague oral orders. He had set up his two divisions on the west side of Dogan’s
Ridge in anticipation of attacking the standing Confederate forces. But
McDowell’s orders told him to attack down the Turnpike, not the intersection of
the Unfinished Railroad and Groveton-Sudley Road [Featherbed Lane].</div>
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<br /></div>
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The orders were problematic for another reason for Porter.
On the Brawner Farm, perched on heights commanding the Turnpike, were vast
numbers of Confederate artillery that had harassed his men all morning and
would make mincemeat of them if they marched down the Turnpike. Instead, Porter
had planned on sending the two brigades of Morell’s division that had not
gotten lost and gone to Centreville across the railroad, so that they could
come down Stony Ridge onto Brawner’s Farm from above. It was a textbook assault
on artillery.</div>
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<br /></div>
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He wrote a note to McDowell explaining the problem, and
McDowell’s approval came back quickly, so Porter green lit the attack. No
sooner had he done so than a message came back from the commander of the attack
that he couldn’t proceed, because his right flank was entirely unsupported.
Porter didn’t know for sure that the Confederates still held the length of the
unfinished railroad, but his cautious military professionalism put him on guard
not to move against a fixed position if it was possible for the enemy to come
forward and shoot you in the side.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Ricketts should have been to the right with his skirmishers,
but when McDowell had canceled his order to advance, he had never sent Porter
notice. Fortunately, the four brigades from the Third Corps, Army of Virginia
under John Hatch were waiting patiently on the Turnpike for the pursuit to
begin. Porter ordered them up to the right as quickly as possible, delaying his
attack until the support was in place.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-9533507928609758822012-08-30T12:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T12:00:01.180-04:0012pm: Pope orders a new round of attacks on unfinished railroad<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
......................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>Stuart’s Hill</b></div>
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At the headquarters for the Army of Northern Virginia,
Robert E. Lee had little to do but wait. James Longstreet had gone off to prepare
his wing for the late afternoon divergence against Pope’s left, and Stonewall
Jackson had not faced a serious challenge from Pope. Throughout the morning Lee
utilized his army’s signal system to keep in touch with both, asking for
regular updates.</div>
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Jackson had concluded that Pope was not planning to attack
at all, and was only moving men forward to mask a withdrawal. He told Lee so.
It was one of the contingencies that Lee expected, and the divergence should be
sufficient to hold him in place while Jackson slipped around. So Lee continued
to wait.</div>
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<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
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At the headquarters for the Army of Virginia, John Pope was
in a flurry of activity. Convinced once again that Jackson was retreating west
on the Warrenton Turnpike, he had sent his staff galloping off to inform the
corps commanders. McDowell, his old staff officer instincts still strong,
suggested Pope write out his orders to avoid confusion. It made sense to Pope,
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The following forces will be immediately thrown forward
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command] and Reynolds [also of McDowell’s Third Corps]. The division of
Brigadier General Ricketts [last of the Third Corps] will pursue the Haymarket
Road [no longer existent], followed by the corps of Major General Heintzelman
[Third, Army of the Potomac]. The necessary cavalry will be assigned to these
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<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
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When the order for pursuit reached James Ricketts, the
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enemy” and to join his skirmishers with Porter’s as he moved down the parallel
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Momentarily disregarding the order to report to Heintzelman,
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reluctant skirmishers out again and within minutes they were fired on by the
Confederate line again. Having confirmed his own opinion, Ricketts mounted his
horse and rode for Buck Hill to tell McDowell.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-88058675275598032612012-08-30T11:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T11:00:00.686-04:0011am: Pope gets the answer he wants, ignores the answer he needs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
..................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Just before noon, McDowell and Heintzelman returned from
their investigation of the Confederate lines. “I know what you are going to
say,” Pope boomed. The commanding general had again drastically changed
personality, and the swaggering, self-assured John Pope was back. “The enemy is
retreating!”</div>
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The two generals were pleasantly surprised, because that was
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We found all the points held by the enemy the day before
beyond Bull Run abandoned, and in going over to the Sudley Springs road and west
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In fact, they had reconnoitered a legitimate gap in
Jackson’s line between its flank and Bull Run, but it was only a very narrow
one. They had ridden right past Maxcy Gregg’s South Carolina brigade and not
noticed it, while not riding far enough to encounter Fitzhugh Lee’s cavalry.</div>
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But Pope had made up his mind thanks to Fitz John Porter.
The dissenting corps commander was an obsessive intelligence gatherer, and
passed on every scrap he gathered with a blind faith that his highers-up would
be able to synthesize it into something meaningful. Earlier in the morning some
of his pickets had overrun a Confederate picket outpost and rescued a Union
soldier taken captive during the night. The man claimed he had overheard
officers talking about Jackson’s men falling back to Gainesville or beyond in
order to unite with Longstreet.</div>
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Porter regarded the story as ludicrous. The soldier, he
wrote to Pope, he regarded “either as a fool or designedly released to give the
wrong impression, and no faith should be put in what he said.” But Porter still
sent him on to headquarters, and after a short conversation Pope came to the
opposite conclusion. The Confederates were retreating, and the time to attack
was now.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-43442557145731110282012-08-30T10:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T10:00:05.076-04:0010am: Still no action as Yank high command fights itself, Rebs wait<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
..................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
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Hours after his war council had agreed with his plans for a
big attack on Lee’s left flank nothing had happened. In fact, Pope was now
further from launching the attack than he had been before. The first of the
negative reports from the 9:00 hour that he had received had been Kearny’s,
which had alarmed him a great deal. “I should say,” Kearny had written, “That
the enemy all along have intended to force us by our right, and they have the
ground to do it.”</div>
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This note had spurred him to send his staff officer to
Ricketts asking for a reconnaissance. While the staffer was gone, Stevens had
arrived in person to plead his case and Pope had recommended he reconnoiter as
well. He hadn’t been gone long when the staffer returned from Ricketts and
repeated the skeptical picture he had gathered, then asked if Ricketts should
send another wave anyway. “No dammit,” Pope muttered through his cigar, “let
him go.”</div>
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McDowell had been omnipresent at headquarters since finding
his way back to the army, but he provided little help to Pope. When Stevens’
report came back, followed by more bleak news from Reynolds, he simply agreed
that the situation was difficult. Nothing happened at headquarters, as the two
men talked in circles trying to reason what to do.</div>
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Towards the end of the hour, Heintzelman arrived from seeing
to Hooker’s men (Kearny continued to freelance) and joined in the conversation.
Neither man seemed willing to direct the suddenly indecisive Pope, but both became
increasingly impatient as mid-day approached. Finally, McDowell offered himself
and Heintzelman as scouts, volunteering to go forward personally and scout out
where the Confederates were.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-89353705121041235822012-08-30T09:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T09:00:06.734-04:009am: Pope and his generals disagree on whether Lee is still there, Lee still there<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a night on edge, Phil Kearny had finally received
permission to move his men off the front-line at the morning meeting. In
anticipation of McDowell’s big push, two brigades from Ricketts’ division would
take his men’s place. He moved them back from the line to a spot along the
banks of Bull Run, hoping to give them a break, but the opposite occurred.
Their new position drew the attention of Jackson’s gunners and, as one soldier
recalled, “soon they shortened their fuses and the shot commenced to explode
over our heads or not very far behind us.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Phil Kearny’s instincts told him that this was not the
actions of a retreating army, and he decided to send word to Pope immediately.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
More evidence that Pope was terribly wrong about the
Confederate retreat was uncovered by Ricketts as he brought Kearny’s
replacements into line. They two came under artillery fire, so his lead brigade
moved forward into the timber strewn with corpses and wounded from the assaults
of the day before. The 104<sup>th</sup> New York of the brigade, operating on
the left, came under fairly heavy fire not only from its front, where Ricketts
expected the artillery’s support to be, but from its left, further down the
railroad line. When yet another Confederate battery unlimbered and began to
find its range, the brigade was withdrawn.</div>
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<br /></div>
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As the men reached relative safety, an officer from Pope’s
staff arrived and asked Ricketts to send out a reconnaissance to determine how
many Confederates were left. Dumbfounded, Ricketts told the officer that he had
just done so and they were in force, but would do so again if that’s what Pope
really wanted. The embarrassed officer suggested Pope hadn’t realized Ricketts’
men were engaged and rushed back to headquarters to ask if a second
reconnaissance should be ordered.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Hearing the musket fire and artillery fire to his right,
Brig. General Isaac Stevens commanding a Ninth Corps division became concerned.
Like Kearny and Ricketts, he found the behavior suspiciously unlike that of a
retreating army. Stevens was a McClellanite and a friend of both Reynolds and
Porter, and their insistence had already done a lot to sway him, leading to his
own conversation with Pope. Pope had suggested that if he was concerned, he
should do a reconnaissance, so Stevens sent two companies of his old 79<sup>th</sup>
New York, the Cameron Highlanders. One wrote afterwards:</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Our skirmish line had not got far into the woods in our
front before we were met by a heavy fire… Pushing on, our men drove the enemy’s
skirmishers back, and when their main line was encountered at the railroad cut,
the volleys of musketry that met them caused them to halt.</div>
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It was as Stevens suspected and he hurried to headquarters
to tell Pope.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Chinn Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
John Reynolds, meanwhile, was under orders to advance
despite his misgivings. Pope had ordered him to put his brigade into columns
and occupy Groveton in preparation for pushing down the Turnpike, but columns were
no formation to be in when meeting the enemy. </div>
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<br /></div>
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He put George Meade’s brigade in front, with the Bucktails
as skirmishers, as usual. Almost immediately the Bucktails drew fire and
progress slowed while Meade deployed his regiments from column into line. The
Confederate pickets, probably from Hood’s brigade, were holed up in the houses
of the little hamlet. Borrowing the 2<sup>nd</sup> Pennsylvania Reserves from
the second brigade, Meade sent them on a sneaky flanking mission. Remembered
one:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
After feeling the enemy for some time they were found
occupying a store and some outbuildings about three hundred yards in advance of
us. Leaving a portion of the skirmishers to occupy their attention, [Colonel]
McCandless moved with the balance to the left, and under cover of woods crept
up upon them, but the scamps were too wide-awake to be caught, they skedaddling
before we could flank them. Taking up a position in the buildings and the
extreme edge of the woods, a sharp fire was opened by both sides across a broad
field, beyond which the enemy were posted in a woods.</div>
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</div>
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It was the same position and the same field that Schenck had
fought from the day before. And to Reynolds it looked like the same situation,
with Confederates ready to fight, not flee. He decided to tell Pope.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-66893396011523326772012-08-30T08:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T08:00:09.126-04:008am: Lee impatiently waits for Pope to attack, plans to seize initiative<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Unfinished Railroad and Featherbed Lane</b></div>
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A year and a month earlier, the five regiments of the
Stonewall Brigade had numbered around 2,600 men. On the morning of August 30,
there were less than 800 men among them after a year of relentless fighting.
Their first commander after Jackson had been Brig. General Richard Garnett, but
Jackson had court-martialed him on (unsubstantiated) charges of disobedience
with an implication of cowardice. Throughout the Valley Campaign and the Seven
Days, they had learned to love Brig. General Charles Winder, but his left side
had been split open by shrapnel while leading the division in battle at the
beginning of August.</div>
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Now in command was Colonel William Baylor, formerly of the
brigade’s own 5<sup>th</sup> Virginia. Baylor was Commonwealth’s Attorney from
Staunton, and a grad of Washington [& Lee] College from Jackson’s hometown
of Lexington, as well as University of Virginia Law. He had fought on Henry
Hill with the brigade and been part of its exploits in the Valley. Ten days
earlier the officers of the Stonewall Brigade, a tight-knit group thanks to the
brutal mortality rate, had sent a petition to Richmond asking for Baylor to
lead them permanently and the authoritarian Jackson had endorsed it. Richmond
had signed off, and Jefferson Davis would send the commission to the
Confederate Congress when they convened.</div>
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As Baylor and the men listened to the booming of
Longstreet’s artillery harassing the Union Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac,
they tried to deduce when Pope’s next attack would come. Becoming concerned as
the new mass of blue soldiers settled in an unsustainable position, Baylor
ordered the Stonewall Brigade forward to the railroad. The position he was
occupying was a cut, and was, in fact, the deepest cut along the stretch of
cuts and embankments from Sudley Road to Warrenton Turnpike. Like the Stonewall
Brigade resting behind the Deep Cut, Confederate units up and down the line
were warily moving to cover in anticipation of an attack.</div>
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<b>Stuart’s Hill</b></div>
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Meanwhile, at the headquarters of the Army of Northern
Virginia, Lee was trying to anticipate no attack. He had gone to bed with the
assumption that Pope would attack at dawn, but two and a half hours later no
attack had occurred. He could wait, but not forever. The longer Pope had to
regroup and reorganize, the more likely superior Union numbers and supplies
would be decisive.</div>
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After talking it over with Jackson and Longstreet, Lee made
a decision: if Pope did not attack, he would use Longstreet’s wing south of the
Turnpike to attack Pope and make him shift his forces <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Chinn Ridge and Henry Hill, so that Jackson
would be freed to cross Bull Run at Sudley Springs and put his force between
Pope and reinforcements from Washington. Depending on Pope’s reaction, Jackson
could guard the fords while Longstreet hammered him, or they could both chase
an exhausted and unsupplied Pope whichever way he chose to run.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-44850123985440923652012-08-30T07:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T07:00:02.346-04:007am: Before the storm, Yank Fifth Corps arrives<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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....................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
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While Fitz John Porter argues with Pope, the Fifth Corps,
Army of the Potomac marched into position on the west face of Dogan’s Ridge
where it meets the Warrenton Turnpike, turning the First Corps, Army of
Virginia resting on the east face into reserves. Most of the Fifth Corps
marched there, anyway. All night, Maj. General George Morell had been with the
lead brigade of the corps, skirmishing with Longstreet’s men on the
Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington Road]. When the Fifth Corps had quickly
readied and marched, the lead brigade had been unable to just pack up and
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Morell had stayed with them as they fell back a safe
distance before forming columns. But wires had gotten crossed between Morell
and Porter and when a gap opened between the brigade and the rest of the corps,
Morell missed their turn onto Sudley Road and kept marching straight towards
the Junction. By mid-day they would be in Centreville before someone figured
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Meanwhile, the Southern artillery from Longstreet’s wing saw
the large body of troops moving into position. Unlike the First Corps men, the
Fifth Corps was on the exposed side of Dogan’s Ridge. The artillerists
leisurely opened up on them, trying not to waste ammunition before the real
days’ work, but just enough to keep them unsettled. It worked. The Fifth Corps
men got neither breakfast nor rest after their early morning march.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-81267969683792037842012-08-30T06:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T06:00:09.245-04:006am: Tense council of generals for Yanks, Porter v. Pope<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
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Just over an hour earlier, John Pope had been the most
miserable man in the army. He had received word that no reinforcements or
supplies were coming from the two Union corps outside of Washington, and
realized he couldn’t take another day of battle without them. But when Irvin
McDowell arrived for a morning council of the army’s high command he found Pope
positively buoyant, chomping on a cigar and congratulating everyone on the
imminent victory. What had happened?</div>
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One of McDowell’s own brigade commanders, Marsena Patrick,
had caused the jubilance. Stationed next to the Dogan house, Patrick had seen a
large cloud of dust kicked up from the dusty Warrenton Turnpike, a sure sign of
soldiers marching. Patrick reported the dust went from Groveton west past
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To Pope, it was evidence of the retreat of the Confederate
Army of Northern Virginia, and he had immediately sat down to write a
victorious email to the general-in-chief and the President. Soon McDowell was
joined by Franz Sigel, Sam Heintzelman, and Jesse Reno, along with other senior
officers, and Pope began explaining the situation to them.</div>
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Lee, he explained, had stacked his wings two deep behind the
unfinished railroad, which is how Jackson had been able to hold out so long the
previous day. But the Confederates were nearly spent, as Phil Kearny’s evening
success where the railroad crossed the Sudley Road proved. The nasty little
fight in the darkness at Groveton had been a run in with a retreating column or
maybe a rearguard, strongest there because troops were being siphoned from the
Confederate left flank.</div>
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It was pure fantasy, but the corps commanders and staff
wanted to believe it as much as Pope did. That morning, he told them, the army
would launch an attack where the railroad crossed Sudley Road with a force
several corps strong led by McDowell, turning the Confederate retreat into a
route. Phil Kearny appreciated the aggressiveness of the plan, but John
Reynolds warned that Pope was underestimating how many Confederates were south
of the Turnpike. Pope made the orders and the meeting was breaking up when Fitz
John Porter rode up to be the fly in the ointment.</div>
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Porter was late, and before the meeting had formally started
Pope had been trashing him to the other officers. As McClellan’s favorite
general, Porter, Pope was sure, was doing his best to sabotage the battle—to
what end, Pope didn’t explain. More than a few of the officers present owed
their positions to McClellan and he remained generally popular with the
conservative officer corps, but Pope had rumbled on spouting obscenities about
Porter and his master, fuelled by the early denial of resupplies and Porter’s
tardiness.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Pope was icy to the other general, who apologized profusely
for how long it had taken him. Declining to unleash his volcanic temper, Pope
instead let Porter ramble explanations while he stared him down. At last Pope
outlined in the barest possible terms instructions for Porter to take the Fifth
Corps, Army of the Potomac and join McDowell’s attack on the retreating
Confederates north of the Turnpike. As he explained the situation and his plan,
horror spread over Porter’s face.</div>
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Porter explained how many Confederates were south of the
Turnpike by his reckoning, and how focusing all forces near Sudley Springs
would leave the army exposed. He explained how they rather needed to reinforce
Chinn Ridge and ask McClellan to join them or else to fall back to the east
side of Bull Run. He explained how bunched up on Dogan’s Ridge they were
already risking being crushed. “I tried to convince him,” Porter later
testified, “but he put no confidence in what I said.”</div>
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Reynolds had come up and listened to Porter’s arguments then
thrown in his own for good measure. But McClellan had waged a bureaucratic war
with Winfield Scott to get Reynolds in his army, and Pope wrote him off as
well. No one but John Pope himself could stop the attack from occurring.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-73047003987845121422012-08-30T05:00:00.000-04:002012-08-30T05:00:08.960-04:0012am - 5am: Pope plans chase of "retreating" Rebs<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
..................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>Northwest of Manassas Junction</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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At about 3:30 in the morning, Maj. General Fitz John Porter,
commanding the Fifth Corps of the Army of the Potomac, was roused from sleep at
his headquarters at Bethlehem Church on the Manassas-Gainesville Road
[Wellington Road]. A messenger had arrived from Maj. General John Pope, the
commanding general, with his unequivocal order for Porter to march to the
battlefield immediately to arrive before dawn. It would be light enough to see
in just an hour and a half, so Porter sent orders to rouse the men and then got
dressed.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Groveton</b> </div>
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<br /></div>
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Not long before Porter’s Union men started marching, Maj.
General Richard Anderson’s Confederate men stopped marching at last. Anderson
commanded the final division of the Confederate army, which had been detached
for special work on the march from Richmond. They had marched 17 miles, and for
the last few hours in the pitch-black, and the men were exhausted.</div>
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Anderson was marching without guides. He had expected to
meet an officer from Longstreet’s staff in Gainesville and been disappointed,
so he continued marching east on the Turnpike hoping one would arrive. They
didn’t. At last he ordered a halt where the bodies lay thick enough that it
appeared he was on the battle line. His men stacked arms and flopped onto the
ground to catch some sleep.</div>
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About to take a quick nap before dawn in his position in the
Brawner Woods, Brig. General John Bell Hood was interrupted by a subordinate
who had watch Anderson’s men lay down on the hill overlooking Groveton
[Stonewall Memory Gardens].</div>
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Knowing that some thirty or forty pieces of artillery
bore directly on his troops, I mounted my horse, rode off in search of his quarters,
and urged him to hasten withdrawal, as the Federal artillery would assuredly,
at daylight, open upon his men… Upon my warning, he promptly aroused his men
and, just after daybreak, marched to the rear of my line of battle.</div>
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<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
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Maj. General Franz Sigel’s First Corps, Army of Virginia had
opened the fight the day before and had a rough time against Jackson. But Sigel
had had most of the afternoon to regroup them in the hollows behind Dogan’s
Ridge where it crossed the Warrenton Turnpike. Schenck’s division, which had
spent the previous morning engaged on the Turnpike, was resting unmoved since
mid-afternoon, with only the 75<sup>th</sup> Ohio out on picket duty. Schurz’s
division was largely re-formed on the right of the army, but as soon as
daylight came Sigel had permission to bring it to Dogan’s Ridge too. His two
one-brigade divisions—one of these was Milroy’s—were on the east side of
Dogan’s Ridge and would be his reserves for the day.</div>
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Sigel was not alone in using the late afternoon and the
night to regroup his corps. Maj. General Jesse Reno, commanding a two division
detachment of the massive Ninth Corps, had been at work consolidating it on the
ridge too. The division of Maj. General Isaac Stevens, the hero of Lewinsville,
was now resting altogether on the Sudley Road, and Reno’s own division,
including Nagle’s still shaken but battle-ready brigade, extended to their left
up the ridge.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Between Sigel’s and Reno’s corps, though, Maj. General Joe
Hooker was making little effort to reorganize his division. Sam Heintzelman’s
Third Corps, Army of the Potomac was split, with Phil Kearny on the other side
of Stevens. Hooker’s men had made attacks around the same time as Reno’s Ninth
Corps, but he had not made a concerted effort to bring the division back
together, letting the regimental officers keep their men wherever they could
gather them. The New Jersey and Excelsior brigades were more or less on Dogan’s
Ridge, while Grover’s was still scattered to the east of Sudley Road. Kearny’s
division, meanwhile, had slept on their weapons after their late afternoon
breakthrough, expecting the Confederates to come at any time. Getting them to
the rear to rest and regroup was Kearny’s top priority.</div>
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<br /></div>
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With Porter’s Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac on its way,
that left only Maj. General McDowell’s Third Corps, Army of Virginia. The corps
was as close to being united as it had been in any time for the previous two
days, but it wasn’t there yet. King’s division, being led by its senior
brigadier, John P. Hatch, was still split from the action of the night. Hatch’s
own brigade and that of Abner Doubleday were still in disarray from their
nighttime adventures near Groveton. The brigades of John Gibbon and Marsena
Patrick were both up on Dogan’s Ridge, surrounded by First Corps men.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On Henry Hill, McDowell had spent the night with the four
brigade division of Brig. General James Ricketts, in the spot where Ricketts
had lost his battery and been captured by Stonewall Jackson’s men just a year
earlier. Rickett’s men were weary from marching, but other than two regiments
that had skirmished at Thoroughfare Gap, hadn’t taken part in any fighting.
Brig. General John Reynolds’ Pennsylvania Reserves were right across Sudley
Road from them on Bald Hill.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Stuart Hill</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As dawn broke on Lee’s Headquarters, Maj. General Thomas
“Stonewall” Jackson was already enjoying breakfast with the commanding general,
Robert E. Lee. After weeks on the march, Jackson had accepted an invitation to
spend the night in the comparable comfort of Lee’s tent. As they breakfasted,
they discussed their situation and the strategy for the day.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lee’s army was split between two wings, one stretching from
Brawner’s Farm to Sudley Church at the base of Stony Ridge, with an unfinished
railroad cut providing a superb defensive position. Jackson commanded this
wing, and it had spent the previous day being pounded within an inch of its
life by John Pope’s army. A.P. Hill’s battered Light Division held the left,
with Ewell’s Division under Alexander Lawton in the center, and Taliaferro’s
Division under William Starke on the right. Substitute commanders now
outnumbered appointed commanders in the units in Jackson’s wing, some were even
on their third commander since the battle began.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The other was Longstreet’s wing, now complete with
Anderson’s arrival. It stretched from where Jackson’s ended at the Brawner
house due south to the Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington Road]. Cadmus
Wilcox held the pivot in the line at Brawner’s, with Hood opposite the Turnpike
from him (and now reporting to Shanks Evans). Stretching beyond them, but not
in continuous line, were the divisions of James Kemper and Neighbor Jones,
while rapidly marching west past them to a reserve position was Anderson’s
division.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Lee had wanted to launch a counter-attack with this wing,
first in the afternoon and then at dawn, but both time Longstreet and his
generals had convinced him that he couldn’t do so without exposing the army’s
flank and leaving himself open for defeat. Both times Lee had agreed, and now
he had little to do but rearm the men and pray that Pope attacked again.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At Pope’s headquarters, the braggart general finally looked
crushed. It was not Lee that had brought him down, but rather Maj. General
George McClellan, the erstwhile General-in-chief. When his replacement, Maj.
General Henry Halleck, had ordered McClellan to bring the Army of the Potomac
back from the Peninsula, it had been with the intention of joining it with
Pope’s army to create what we would now call an “army group” of two armies
working in support of each other. Halleck had led one with great success in
Tennessee, though Pope, who had commanded one of the armies, had a different
opinion on how Halleck had done.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But because McClellan was McClellan, he had dragged his
feet, only arriving in Alexandria himself a few days before. Halleck had sent
the Third and Fifth Corps to Pope since they had arrived before McClellan
(also, half the Ninth Corps, a semi-independent unit under Ambrose Burnside),
but backed down from his bold words about sending the Second and Sixth Corps as
soon as McClellan voiced his objections in person.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The man who had left the capital bereft of defenders a year
before, spawning the crisis that led to the creation of Pope’s separate army,
suddenly became obsessed with having sufficient defenders for the capital.
McClellan may have had some very good arguments for keeping his two corps in
the capital, but his opinion was no longer trustworthy with the Lincoln
Administration, and it was not hard to see how he benefitted from Pope’s
troubles.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So when Pope had asked for the Sixth Corps to join him
immediately and to send supplies for his weary army that had exhausted its own
in the chase of Jackson all over northern Virginia, McClellan had instructed
its commander to decline to help. Instead, he offered to send only supplies by
train, and only if Pope would send a cavalry escort. Since the horses were
starving, and the few that weren’t were needed to scout for the army, Pope
understood that there was no relief coming. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To paraphrase McClellan’s suggestion to Halleck, it was up
to him to get out of this scrape alone.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-25207041567879968402012-08-29T20:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T20:00:06.160-04:008pm - 12am: Battle stress, internal squabbles, and a miserable night<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
....................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Chinn Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Brig. General Marsena Patrick of King’s division had been
sent by Irvin McDowell to support the Pennsylvania Reserves of John Reynolds.
Reynolds had been largely on his own throughout the battle, and done
marvelously, somewhat to McDowell’s chagrin. But since at least mid-afternoon
only Robert E. Lee’s concern about just what the Union corps on the
Gainesville-Manassas Road [Wellington Road] was up to had kept Reynolds from
being overwhelmed by a Confederate attack. Most of Pope’s army was concentrated
on Dogan’s Ridge and Matthews Hill. Only McDowell’s scattered corps stood a
chance of reaching Reynolds in time in case anything happened.</div>
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<br /></div>
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So Patrick’s brigade would have been little help, anyway, so
Pope’s staff had not hesitated to intercept it on its westward march across
Chinn Ridge towards Reynolds and redirect it to join Gibbon’s brigade on
Dogan’s Ridge for an all-out attack. Marching back east, then up Sudley Road
towards Dogan’s Ridge, Patrick had then run into a staff officer from McDowell
that angrily countermanded the order, and directed him to turn around and go
back to Reynolds. This time cutting southwest down Chinn Ridge, Patrick led his
brigade to the east of the position he had previously occupied, where he met
John Reynolds in the process of withdrawing his division to a more defensible
position on Bald Hill.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was at that moment when an order came from McDowell to
join Hatch and the rest of his division except Gibbon in chasing the retreating
Confederates down the Turnpike. Marching his men as fast as their weary legs
would take them toward the sound of the gunfire, he hadn’t gone too far when
another messenger informed him it was all over and Hatch had withdrawn. So
Patrick changed direction again, this time trying to reach a defensive position
he had spotted on his travels earlier.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Riding forward to scout as he approached the spot he was
challenged by pickets to identify himself. Thinking it was Hatch’s men, he
shouted “Patrick’s brigade, King’s division,” but the South Carolinian he was
speaking with shouted back a threat, “surrender or we fire!” Patrick cursed
them and refused, so the Southern pickets opened fire, missing Patrick but
hitting several of his staff. Quickly some of his own men came forward and
drove off the Southern pickets while the brigade fell back to safer ground.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pope was beside himself with rage. In his hand he held a
message from Fitz John Porter, commander of the Fifth Corps, Army of the
Potomac, again asking for orders. It had been delivered by Irvin McDowell,
whose men had just discovered the hard way that Jackson was nowhere near being
defeated.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pope had already been cursing Porter for failing to reach
Gainesville and launch an attack from there. If he had, Pope reasoned, then
Hatch would have really been able to mop-up Jackson. So when McDowell had
handed him Porter’s earlier request—it read, in part: “please let me know your
designs, whether you retreat or not… have lost a few men from infantry
firing”—the commanding general went ballistic.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I’ll arrest him,” Pope promised amid a torrent of
obscenities and sat down to write out the order. But McDowell intervened,
convincing Pope that Porter was simply an idiot, not treasonous. Pope should
spell out for Porter exactly what he wanted him to do. So Pope did:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Immediately upon receipt of this order, the precise hour
of receiving which you will acknowledge, you will march your command to the
field of battle of today and report to me in person for orders. You are to
understand that you are expected to comply strictly with this order, and to be
present on the field within three hours after its reception or after daybreak
tomorrow morning.</div>
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The order dispatched, McDowell next brought up his next bit
of information, which was that the cavalry brigade of John Buford had seen a
large Confederate force that must be Longstreet’s wing of the army pass through
Gainesville at 9:30 am. Though this was a crucial piece of information and
McDowell had withheld it from Pope through catastrophic oversight all day long,
it barely registered with the volatile commanding general. Only a few hours
before he had believed Longstreet as likely outside of Winchester, dismissing John
Reynolds’ warnings. Now he pointed out that of course Longstreet was on the
field and he had come down the Turnpike to take position behind Stony Ridge so
he could reinforce Jackson. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No one on his or McDowell’s staff disagreed. Pope asked
McDowell to move Reynolds north of the Turnpike during the night in preparation
for another attack on the Unfinished Railroad and then dismissed everyone so
they could turn in for the night. McDowell rode back to Henry Hill, where he
chose to set up camp next to the ruins of Judith Henry’s house, the exact spot
that his own army had collapsed a year earlier.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Stuart’s Hill</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As his men fell asleep in exhaustion wherever they were for
the night, Stonewall Jackson rode from Stony Ridge to Stuart’s Hill to meet
with Lee and Longstreet. Lee was animated and excited for an attack at dawn,
and told Jackson to be ready to rally his exhausted men. Jackson left to return
to his men, but Longstreet and Lee remained to continue to plan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Close to midnight, Brig. General Cadmus Wilcox returned from
Groveton with news that made Lee very unhappy. Wilcox had brought his division
up in support of Hood’s, and spent time reconnoitering the ground as well as
talking with Hood, Shanks Evans, and their subordinates. The opinion of those
that had made the attack against Hatch’s men was unanimous: call off the dawn
attack. One told him that “the force we had repulsed consisted of only three
brigades of King’s division that had been thrown forward from the main line,
which was yet untouched, and that in advancing so far in front of our general
line he must necessarily expose both flanks to attack.” Not only was a dawn
attack unadvisable, even staying in Groveton was dangerous.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lee canceled the attack, though unhappily. He would have to
make sure Pope attacked him again—and that Jackson’s men could again survive
it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-53472305706869033782012-08-29T19:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T19:00:02.755-04:007pm: Senseless recon ends major fighting for the day<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
....................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>Groveton</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It had been only about twelve hours since Brig. General John
Hatch had taken command of Rufus King’s division, in which time he had marched
them back and forth across the countryside. Now the division was ordered back
to the spot it had abandoned the night before, Brawner’s Farm, except this time
coming from the east. Pope had seen what he believed were Jackson’s retreating
wagons and was determined to make sure the general didn’t escape.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hatch was a curious choice to lead this mission, because he
had only been with the infantry since July, when Pope humiliatingly removed him
from command of a cavalry brigade for acting too deliberately. Cavalry had been
his life since he transferred to Winfield Scott’s Mounted Rifles two years
after graduating from West Point. But King’s Division was the largest unit
intact, even with Gibbon’s brigade detached, so it was to Hatch that the
breathless messenger said “Pursue… overtake, and attack him!”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Taking the two brigades at hand, his own under its senior
colonel following that of Abner Doubleday, Hatch started up the Sudley Road,
sending words for the final brigade of Marsena Patrick to follow. Men from the
95<sup>th</sup> New York of Doubleday’s brigade saw their corps commander,
Irvin McDowell, in front of the Stone House on horseback shouting “The rebels
are retreating, and you will have little more to do than to take prisoners!”</div>
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<br /></div>
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The men marching past McDowell had opened the battle the
night before, when the general was lost in the woods northwest of Manassas
Junction, but since the corps had been irrelevant, with the exception of John
Reynolds’ Pennsylvania Reserves. Since they were not operating under McDowell’s
direction, the corpulent corps commander needed success at this moment to
achieve his ever-elusive redemption on the field of battle.</div>
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As the two brigades turned left onto the Warrenton Turnpike
at Stone House, McDowell found Hatch and repeated his exhortations. “General
Hatch,” he shouted loud enough for the men to hear, “The enemy is in full
retreat. Pursue him rapidly!” Continuing down the line, McDowell kept rallying
the men. “What regiment is this?” he asked to one of those in Hatch’s brigade,
and received the cheers of the 24<sup>th</sup> New York (whose colonel was the
one temporarily leading the brigade). “Have we got ‘em, General?” one asked,
and McDowell shouted a hearty, “Yes… follow ‘em up, they are on the run!”</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Hatch sent for the 2<sup>nd</sup> U.S. Sharpshooters with
his brigade to deploy forward as skirmishers. Carrying the breech-loading
Sharps rifle like the Buck Tails of the Pennsylvania Reserves, the 2<sup>nd</sup>
U.S. Sharpshooters were deadly accurate and the most valuable asset to place in
front of the division in the failing light. Following them, Hatch placed the
one battery of four howitzers he intended to set at Groveton. Whenever Patrick
arrived with the third brigade, he would bring another battery. The division’s
third battery was already firing from above the Stone House, and its fourth was
detached with Gibbon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Doubleday, riding with the 95<sup>th</sup> New York right
behind the howitzers, recalled the twilight ride down the turnpike:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
As we advanced everything seemed quiet and peaceable.
Not a rebel was in sight… When we had reached a point about three quarters of a
mile in advance of our general line of battle, a small body of rebel infantry
were seen on the north side of the road moving towards the south. </div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A member of the 2<sup>nd</sup> U.S. Sharpshooters also
recalled that “no sooner had the gunners taken their position [on the heights
above Groveton] than a heavy fire was opened upon them and us by several
regiments of the enemy, just over the hill.” The unexpected nearness of several
infantry regiments scattered the sharpshooters, who abandoned the artillery and
ran to the safe side of the hill.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The infantry they faced was that of Brig. General John Bell
Hood, who was almost as surprised to find Hatch as Hatch was to find him. Hood
had been ordered to take along the brigade of Brig. General Nathan “Shanks”
Evans—one of the heroes of First Manassas—and run a reconnaissance in force
east on the Turnpike, to get an idea how battered Pope was after a day of
fighting in order to provide intelligence for a major counterattack Lee had
planned for dawn.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“At sunset an order came to me from the commanding general
to move forward and attack the enemy,” Hood reported after the fight. “Before,
however, this division could come to attention it was attacked [by artillery],
and I instantly ordered the two brigades to move forward and charge the enemy…”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The commander of the 4<sup>th</sup> Texas reported:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
With the 1<sup>st</sup> Texas… on my left, and the 18<sup>th</sup>
Georgia on my right, I advanced through the timber we were lying in, then
through an open field in front, thence into a second wood, where a sharp
musketry fire was going on in our front between out skirmishers and the enemy.
Cautioning the men not to fire without orders, I advanced to within 50 yards,
when we were fired on by the enemy. </div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hatch had ordered Doubleday to deploy his brigade for
battle, while sending his adjutant back to McDowell to inform him that the
Confederates were not retreating at all, rather they were attacking. Hatch then
rode back to his own brigade deployed. Doubleday, meanwhile, was trying to get
the 95<sup>th</sup> New York into battle line so it could protect the battery
from the oncoming Confederates. But behind them, the 24<sup>th</sup> New York
had formed into line faster. With their colonel elsewhere trying to get other
regiments around Doubleday’s to bring as many muskets as possible into line
against an unknown Confederate threat, the 24<sup>th</sup>’s lieutenant colonel
bungled his commands. Wrote a member of the regiment:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
By a mistake of a lieutenant colonel, we were marched
right behind [Doubleday’s] brigade, when we should have formed on their right…
When the word “forward” sounded from the lieutenant colonel’s lips, all were
amazed at the order, yet we must obey, but in trying to pass through that firm
line of Doubleday’s by crowding and jamming we got into confusion and broke our
line as well.”</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“This spoiled the formation and brought [the 95<sup>th</sup>]
together in a confused mass,” Doubleday remembered. The Confederate fire had
quickened as Hood’s second brigade came into range, and Doubleday abandoned the
two New York regiments to untangle themselves so that he could get his other
two regiments placed to protect the artillery. It was too late.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remembered a Southern soldier:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
When the 4<sup>th</sup> Alabama reached the cover of the
hill on which the enemy was strongly posted, his artillery could only be
depressed to effect us but little. As the regiment half bent ran up under the
belching guns, several members of the 4<sup>th</sup> Alabama were powder burned
in hands and faces. Brave little Captain McInnis as he ran up the hill in a
stooping position beneath the blazing cannon, the back of his coat became
ignited, burning a hole as large as ones hand before it could be extinguished.
All the enemy’s guns limbered up except one howitzer and escaped… The piece
that remained fought valiantly and continued the fire until some of the 4<sup>th</sup>
Alabama ran up and wrested the sponge staff from a brave gunner…</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
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In the rapidly fading light the two brigades had become a
mob, with little-to-no organization. One soldier wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Suddenly a body of troops was seen moving towards us
from among the trees along the lane at our left and we were in doubt whether
they were enemy or friends. They shouted “Don’t fire at us, boys, we’re coming
to help you” and some of us felt reassured, while other incredulously cried,
“Don’t believe ‘em, they’re rebels!” and ran towards the rear.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Then their muskets all went off together, clearly
illuminating the Confederate regiment. Most of the Northern men ran, and the
ones who didn’t weren’t enough as Hood brought up a third brigade in the
darkness. Hatch was already ordering everyone to fall back to Chinn Ridge when
his adjutant returned with McDowell’s message. The corps commander had balked
at the report, and invoked Pope’s stinging rebuke of Hatch by asking “does
General Hatch hesitate? Tell him the enemy is in full retreat and to pursue
him.” Hatch couldn’t have if he wanted to.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
One last foolhardy act remained in the night for the
Northern men. As the two brigades from King’s Division streamed back towards
the Stone House in the dark, two companies of Union cavalry drew their sabers
and charged down the Turnpike towards Groveton. One of Hood’s brigade
commanders remembered the charge after the war:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
When it was too dark to see clearly, a cavalry charge
was made upon us, one squadron passing through an interval in the line, where
it crossed the turnpike and riding down it to our rear. I knew that they would
be taken care of back there if they went on, and therefore made provisions to
receive them when they returned, which I was sure they would soon do… </div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They did, in the form of the 23<sup>rd</sup> South Carolina,
who heard the horse hooves and formed a double line across the Turnpike,
opening fire as the horsemen galloped towards them. The Northern troopers who
survived the volley wheeled around and went tearing back up the Turnpike, where
Hood’s scheming brigade commander waited.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The road was… left open, and two companies of the
regiment on the south or open side of it…were wheeled so as to fire obliquely
across the road in our front. The clattering of hoofs upon the turnpike soon
announced that the cavalry were about to “run the gauntlet” back to their own
lines. As they passed out line, at full speed, they received a single volley…
which almost annihilated them.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Only eleven of the several dozen horsemen sent in returned.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-74003036760004426422012-08-29T18:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T18:00:05.909-04:006pm: Reb counterattack, lack of follow through from Pope secures railroad again<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<br /></div>
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<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Brig. General Jubal Early’s brigade of Virginians had been
in reserve throughout the battle, marching from one place Stonewall Jackson might
need reinforcements to another. When Phil Kearny had wheeled over the
unfinished railroad defensive line, Jackson had finally committed his
reinforcements. Along with the Louisiana brigade, Early’s men had marched
quickly to the collapsing left flank of the Confederate line and helped the
survivors of the attack make a stand on Stony Ridge.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Now, Early was ready to counterattack. Taking the 8<sup>th</sup>
Louisiana and the 13<sup>th</sup> Georgia from two different brigades along
with him, Early ordered his men towards the faltering Union troops, clinging to
the Groveton-Sudley Road [Featherbed Lane] across a field. They drove into the
woods and into the Union ranks.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Early wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
On reaching the railroad I found the enemy had
possession of it and a piece of woods in front, there being at this point a
deep cut, which furnished a strong defense. General Gregg’s and Colonel Thomas’
brigades… having nearly exhausted all their ammunition, had fallen back a short
distance, but were still presenting front to the enemy. My brigade and the 8<sup>th</sup>
Louisiana Regiment advanced upon the enemy through a field and drove him from
the woods and out of the railroad cut, crossing the latter and following the
pursuit several hundred yards beyond… The messenger from General Hill had
stated that it was not desirable that I should go beyond the railroad, and as
soon as I could arrest the advance of my brigade I moved it back to the
railroad and occupied it.</div>
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The 1<sup>st</sup> South Carolina Rifles, though, out of
ammo, followed Early’s men, gathering what they could off the dead and wounded
on the way, and falling back to the knoll they had defended all day with
Early’s men when the Northerners had been cleared. Ecstatic, A.P. Hill sent a
messenger to Jackson to let him know the attack he had defeated the latest
attack. “Tell him I knew he would do it,” he said with a smile, according to
one aide.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Buck Hill</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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At his new headquarters above the Stone House, Pope was surprised
when Phil Kearny himself rode up to ask for more men to sustain his attack.
According to one of Pope’s aides, the one-armed general had told his commander
that “the enemy had marched on him in lines ten deep, which had been mowed down
by the steady fire of his infantry.” The Confederates had driven back his men,
but they had maintained their units and all he needed were more troops to
launch another attack and complete Jackson’s defeat.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Eagerly, Pope turned to McDowell, who had been listening the
whole time, and asked him to send a division to follow-up on Kearny’s attack.
But McDowell was less sure about Kearny’s success. Tired of his subordinates
failing to execute his plans, Pope unleashed a verbal tirade on McDowell, who
indignantly parried his arguments. His rage spent, Pope finally relented and
decided to send the one unengaged brigade of Jesse Reno into battle in the
waning daylight. Pope gathered his staff and rode off to Dogan’s Ridge to find
Reno, while Kearny returned to prepare his division to fight again.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Northwest of Manassas Junction</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington Road] Fitz John
Porter put the finishing touches on another request for orders, this time to
Irvin McDowell. Pope had been unresponsive so far, so Porter was trying another
general he had no faith in. The messenger had barely departed when Porter’s
staffer he had sent earlier to Pope returned, with a message that the battle
was going well on the Turnpike and that Pope was driving them back.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Porter immediately decided to fix the Confederates in front
of him in place with an attack. By attacking them, they would be unable to send
reinforcements to other parts of the line. With his usual precision he told his
lead division commander, Maj. General George Morell:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
I wish you to push up two regiments, supported by two
others, preceded by skirmishers, the regiments at intervals of two hundred
yards, and attack the party with the section of artillery opposed to you. The
battle looks well on our right, and the enemy are said to be retiring up the
pike. Give the enemy a good shelling when your troops advance.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Perhaps ten minutes later, Pope’s nephew arrived, with
Pope’s unequivocal 4:30 attack order. The young man would later deny that he
had gotten lost and that it had taken so long for the order to reach Porter,
but he has no corroborating accounts, unlike Porter. Either way, Porter told
Morell to launch his attack immediately. Morell balked. Sunset was only a
matter of minutes (6:45 pm on August 29, 1862) and in the heavy woods it was
already almost dark, making it impossible to deploy and advance. Porter rode
forward to hear out Morell in person and agreed, probably without much debate. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Later, Porter would say that their presence on the
Manassas-Gainesville Road alone was holding the enemy in place. Unfortunately,
while this had been true a few hours before, Longstreet with Lee’s blessing had
already withdrawn all but a single brigade each of cavalry and infantry. The
division of Cadmus Wilcox that had been tied down there earlier in the
afternoon, was at that moment marching towards the Warrenton Turnpike to
support a reconnaissance in force down that road to probe just how weak Pope
was.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
John Gibbon had marched his brigade to protect the batteries
on Dogan’s Ridge as fast as possible, having been told by his corps commander,
McDowell, that it was urgent and the whole army depended on it. When he reached
it, he had seen the tattered remains of several other brigades trying to reform
after their failed assaults on the unfinished railroad lines, but the
Confederates had already withdrawn. He placed his men next to the unengaged
brigade of Jesse Reno’s Ninth Corps and waited for further orders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To Gibbon’s surprise, the rest of the division hadn’t
followed him, but he had been joined on the ridge by a ragtag collection of
other units. Robert Schenck’s primarily German speaking brigade from the First
Corps, Army of Virginia that had battled on Lewis Lane that morning marched to
the hill and immediately bedded down for the night. Joe Hooker had been
methodically gathering the pieces of his division on the Sudley Road between
Dogan’s Ridge and Matthews’ Hill, with the New Jersey brigade closest to
Gibbon, and the Excelsiors and Grover’s brigade straddling the road. Even Reno
had made some progress in piecing back together the core of Nagle’s brigade.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As sundown approached, Gibbon was surprised to see Pope
himself ride up “near my position where I was seated on my horse looking on.”
Below them, they could see the completion of Kearny’s withdraw.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
He [Pope] listened to the conflict for awhile and then
turning to his Adjutant General, Ruggles, said, “Colonel Ruggles, telegraph to
Washington that we have had a severe battle and have lost ten thousand men.”
Adding as if to himself, “I think we have lost ten thousand.”</div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Despite the depression his exaggerated butcher’s bill
suggested to Gibbon, Pope wasn’t finished yet. From Gibbon’s vantage point he
rode on until he found Jesse Reno and ordered the Virginian to send in his last
brigade for a renewed attack. In the midst of reassembling Nagle’s brigade, the
good-natured Reno simply refused. No amount of cursing from Pope could persuade
him otherwise and he left plotting vengeance on Reno. Within hours the whole
brigade had heard that Reno had saved them from certain death, and his already
high popularity skyrocketed. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pope may have been distracted from Reno’s insubordination by
another sight, though. Off in the distance, a large cloud was rising to the
east, a sure sign of an army on the move. Inspection with a field glass
revealed the source to be wagons moving to the west, and Pope proclaimed that
Jackson was at last retreating. Ruggles, who despised Pope, disagreed
vehemently, saying they were only ambulances bringing the wounded to safer
locations, but Pope was convinced and sent the fastest rider he had to McDowell
to order an attack down the turnpike.</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-50863363744249640342012-08-29T17:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T17:00:05.510-04:005pm: Yanks finally gain foothold across the railroad, Lee's army threatened with collapse<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
..................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1700.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>Stony Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Stonewall Jackson had withstood attacks from Pope’s army all
day long, and his men—already weary after weeks of his famous grueling marches
and several smaller battles—were beginning to break down. Pope’s men had twice
captured the unfinished railroad near Sudley Road, and had done so again just
recently on the Gainesville-Sudley Road [Featherbed Lane]. Two rested brigades
had countercharged and collapsed the Union flank, and Jackson was certainly
tempted to throw all his reserves behind them, but faced some more serious
concerns.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
His left flank was supposed to be anchored on Bull Run at
Sudley Church, but the steady pounding since early morning on A.P. Hill’s
division had severely weakened it. Jackson had ridden to Hill’s headquarters
when he heard that a Union brigade had crossed the railroad unopposed at Sudley
Church (in fact, it had happened before 3:00 pm). Hill told him that his men
were just about out of ammunition, and were pulling as much as they could off
the dead and wounded. They probably would not be able to sustain another
attack.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“General,” Stonewall told Hill quietly, according to one of
Jackson’s aides. “Your men have done nobly; if you are attacked again you will
beat the enemy back.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Here it comes,” Hill replied, as the Union artillery began
to fire. He spurred his horse and rode forward.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I’ll expect you to beat them back,” Jackson called after
him.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The artillery was in support of the long-delayed attack of
Maj. General Phil Kearny. First division of relief on the field that morning,
Kearny was now the last to begin an attack in earnest. His First Brigade had
been across the railroad embankment since before 3:00 pm. Already bolstered by
an extra regiment from the reserve brigade, Kearny added four more to it, and
ordered the Second Brigade to support its attack.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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Exhausted after having driven off Grover’s men almost two
hours earlier, Gregg’s South Carolinians did their best to hold. Gregg’s men
clung to their little knoll that they had held since the morning and as their
ammunition ran out were ordered to use their bayonets. Maxcy Gregg himself
paced back and forth across the knoll wielding a scimitar his grandfather had
been awarded during the American Revolution, lopping off daises and muttering
“let us die here men!”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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The 1<sup>st</sup> South Carolina Rifles were the first
victim, with Kearny’s First Brigade men wrapping around their flank in a
semi-circle and opening a fire that killed their colonel and lieutenant
colonel. Their major, now commanding, wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
[The Union men] soon came, now in still greater force,
but our little band, though greatly exhausted, yet met them with as much
determination as ever. Our men fell fast around us. The 13<sup>th</sup>[South
Carolina], after exhibiting the greatest endurance and courage during the day,
at last gave way and retired from our front, and upon the 1<sup>st</sup> was
hurled full force of the enemy. They pressed on, crossed the cut, and slowly
compelled us, step-by-step, to yield the long-coveted position. Here again our
men fought the enemy at a few yards.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The men crossing the cut belonged to the supporting brigade,
and included the 101<sup>st</sup> New York, whose lieutenant colonel recorded
their part in the battle:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
After a few minutes [of preparatory fire] the order was
given ‘forward,’ and the regiment went on in splendid order, through a heavy
fire, at a double-quick. The enemy could not stand the charge, but broke and
fled (a few now and then turning to fire). After falling back a short distance
they came to a deep cut. Here they attempted to rally, and partially succeeded…
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
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Gregg’s men, joined by the Georgians of Thomas’ brigade who
were also swept up in Kearny’s attack, were being reinforced by North
Carolinians from Hill’s last unengaged brigade. By pure luck, Kearny had
launched an attack just as a Ninth Corps brigade had begun actively skirmishing
further down the line, leaving Hill with nearly no reinforcements. Kearny’s
breakthrough was the strongest of the day and threatened to collapse Jackson’s
entire line, so the general ruefully agreed to send Hill two brigades from the
vicinity of Brawner’s Farm. That meant there would be no one to complete the
destruction of Pope’s forces started by the collapse of the 4:00 pm attack. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Not yet aware of Kearny’s success, Pope watched as the
position around Groveton collapsed. The men of Nagle’s Ninth Corps brigade that
had crossed the unfinished railroad just after 4:00 pm now streamed past his
headquarters, joined by survivors of Milroy’s First Corps, Army of Virginia
brigade, and the Excelsior Brigade of the Third Corps, Army of the Potomac.
Carr’s New Jersey brigade was mostly standing its ground, but would rapidly be
overwhelmed if Jackson sent anymore troops after them. Aside from the New
Jersey brigade, there was one tiny brigade and a mob of retreating Union
soldiers between Pope and the whole of Jackson’s wing.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Far from being horrified, Pope was most concerned about Fits
John Porter’s perplexing failure to launch an attack from Gainesville, as
ordered. A message had arrived from Porter asking for orders, but Pope surmised
it had been before his nephew had dispatched with orders to attack. “Tell
general Porter we are having a hard fight,” he told the messenger, then gave
orders to move headquarters across the Sudley Road to Buck Hill. Observing the
Confederate counterattack peter out and assuming it was because Jackson was
nearly beaten, rather than because he was reinforcing against Kearny’s attack,
Pope decided to re-form his line across Dogan’s Ridge and set out to find the
troops to do it.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, he would put as many of Sigel’s First Corps, Army of
Virginia men as could be rallied on the ridge. But he had little faith in their
commander, so he summoned Irvin McDowell to his new headquarters. McDowell had
had a division on Bald Hill for almost two hours before he finally informed
Pope he was there (and not with Porter on the Manassas-Gainesville Road
[Wellington Road]). More grateful to have his most trusted subordinate and
relatively fresh troops on hand, Pope eagerly listened to his scant (and wildly
inaccurate) description of Porter’s position, then shared with McDowell the
situation on the battlefield.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Now feeling better about Dogan’s Ridge than when he had left
it--because of the better-than-expected shape of Schenck’s First Corps, Army of
Virginia division shifted from Chinn Ridge, south of the Turnpike—Pope
considered sending McDowell’s one division to reinforce Kearny. But the noise
of the one-armed general’s breakthrough was finally loud enough to hear, and
McDowell convinced him his men were more useful on Dogan’s Ridge.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pope consented, and McDowell rode his horse back to Bald
Hill as fast as he could. He was at last in the battle, but he needed men on
the ridge to be truly back in the game. The first men he found were the brigade
of Brig. General John Gibbon that had fought at Brawner’s Farm the night
before. Gibbon recorded the interaction in his memoirs, though time and
subsequent grudges appears to have eliminated the period of rest his men
received:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Late in the afternoon… I met General McDowell with his
staff and mounted escort around him. He came forward to meet me, appearing to
be laboring under great excitement and exclaiming--“Hurry forward, hurry
forward you are just in the nick of time!” I explained that my tired men were
coming as fast as possible, but that was not very fast as they had been
marching all night before and all day and were very much tired out. He repeated
the admonition “to hurry” and as the head of the column appeared I asked him
what orders he had. He said “Go right up that road,” pointing to the
continuation of the road we were on as it climbs the hill on the other side of
the Warrenton pike leading to Sudley Spring. “To whom shall I report?” I asked.
“Go right up that road,” he replied, “I shall be here.”</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gibbon’s brigade was off to battle, though once again, the
rest of the division and corps did not follow.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Stuart’s Hill</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On Stuart’s Hill, James Longstreet had come to the
conclusion that the mysterious Union force on the Gainesville-Manassas Road
[Wellington Road] wasn’t a threat. It had remained inactive all morning, and
his cavalry had reported it was substantially diminished in size. But when he
informed Robert E. Lee, he found himself still arguing the general down from an
all-out attack. This time, it was because there were only two hours before
dark. While it was true that as many as three additional Union corps were
somewhere between Alexandria and Manassas Junction (McClellan’s army), not
enough would be able to arrive before morning to save Pope. Better to more
completely defeat him in the morning.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bitterly, Lee yielded, but not before ordering a
reconnaissance in force down the Warrenton Turnpike, to get an idea just how
soft Pope was after a day of thrashing.</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-20640541150935593352012-08-29T16:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T16:00:00.812-04:004pm: Jackson nearly routs Yanks, Porter still missing from battlefield<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
......................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Groveton-Sudley Road</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Colonel Joseph Carr’s men had been exchanging fire with the
Confederate pickets stationed on the other side of the unfinished railroad
where it crossed the Groveton-Sudley Road [Featherbed Lane] since before noon.
Initially, he had sent in just two regiments from the Second New Jersey Brigade
he commanded—something of a misnomer now that a regiment each from New York and
Pennsylvania had been added to the original four Jersey regiments. But after
Milroy’s brigade had extracted itself from the hornet’s nest it had stirred up,
Carr had maintained contact, eventually bringing his full brigade into the
steady exchange of musket fire.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At about 4:00, Carr’s replacements arrived, the three
regiment brigade of Colonel James Nagle. Nagle’s brigade was the second of two
from the division of Maj. General Jesse Reno, a short loyal Virginian who was
commanding the detachment of the Ninth Corps on loan to Pope. Reno’s First
Division had been split up to reinforce various spots on the battlefield as it
arrived, but his Second (his own) had been the army’s reserve force. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As John Pope threw everything he had into breaking Jackson’s
Confederate line before sunset, he ordered Reno to send his division in, led by
Nagle. But either by oversight or very poor design, Pope had not told the
superiors of Joseph Carr—Joe Hooker, and Sam Heintzelman—that they shouldn’t
withdraw Carr as originally planned. Carr’s men admired the precision of
Nagle’s little brigade as it maneuvered into position while they marched away,
the 6<sup>th</sup> New Hampshire on the left, the 48<sup>th</sup> Pennsylvania
in the center, and the 2<sup>nd</sup> Maryland on the right.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Company C of the 6<sup>th</sup> New Hampshire was ordered
forward as skirmishers for the regiment and proceeded through the woods
carefully. A full seventy yards from the railroad, they came upon the
Confederate skirmishers that had been keeping contact with Carr’s New Jersey
brigade as it fell back. “The firing became brisk,” their historian wrote, “The
enemy had wisely chosen their fighting ground… But they fell back as we pressed
forward, firing as fast as we could and as often as we could get sight of the
‘grey-backs.’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The pickets slowed so that the remainder of the regiment
caught up, then the whole mass moved forward, with the other two regiments on
their right at the same time.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
We felt we were driving them; but perhaps we hurried too
much, and therefore did less execution than we should have done had we moved
more slowly. Suddenly, we received a terrific volley, which seemed to come from
the ground in front of us. The colonel ordered us to charge, which we did with
a will, and came out upon the brink of a railroad cut… in which the rebels had
taken position, the embankment making a good breastwork for them. We poured
into it such a volley that they got out of their hiding-place on the
double-quick, and retreated to the clearing and woods behind.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Nagle had succeeded where Milroy and Carr had failed earlier
in the day—he had taken the railroad. The two exhausted Confederate brigades
that had been defending that part of the line had been under fire all day.
Neither was commanded by its actual commander. Brig. General Alexander Lawton
had left his brigade of Georgians under Colonel Marcellus Douglass when he
replaced Dick Ewell the previous evening, and Brig. General Isaac Trimble had
been wounded that morning, along with a score of other officers, leaving as the
most senior officer in the entire brigade Captain William Brown of the 12<sup>th</sup>
Georgia. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Watching from his resting spot in the Groveton woods, Robert
Milroy described watching the attack:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
We could only see the left flank [the 6<sup>th</sup> New
Hampshire] of the long battle line, which passed out of the woods as they
approached the R.R. and passed over the ground where my boys had struggled so
desperately… I held my breath as they neared that fatal line. Suddenly a
volcano of fire opened from behind the R.R. line… and hundreds of brave fellows
in our long bristling line sank before that fatal fire to rise no more. The
advancing faltered but for a moment and an answering volcano followed the first
and an instant afterwards a great shout arose and that long line surged rapidly
across the R.R. embankment at the charge bayonet into the forest.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As Nagle’s men had poured over the embankment, Milroy had
ordered the 3<sup>rd</sup> [West] Virginia forward to help pursue. But Milroy
wasn’t the only one spurred to action. Colonel Bradley Johnson, commanding J.R.
Jones’ Virginia brigade since its commander had been wounded during the Seven
Days, saw the threat to his men stationed about 100 yards behind the railroad.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
In the afternoon the enemy carried the embankment to my
left, and while I was trying to rally some men not of my command came close on
me and between my command and the railroad cut. The men [Johnson’s] were lying
down at the time in ranks, concealed, and unexpected. I ordered a charge, and
with a yell the Second Brigade went through them, shattering, breaking, and
routing them.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Prior to their charge, Johnson’s Virginians caught the
Granite State men on the left of Nagle’s line by complete surprise. “Soon the
shots came thick from the bushes to the left,” the historian wrote, “And some
of the boys thought at first that the 48<sup>th</sup> [Pennsylvania] was firing
into us by mistake. Captain Henry Pearson was immediately sent to stop the believed
friendly fire.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
As I approached the ditch I heard loud cheering on the
other side and thought we were about to be supported. But as a number of
bullets whizzed by my ears I quickened my pace to inform them that we were
ahead. Mounting the opposite side of the ditch the bullets flew by me so thick
that I quickly jumped back again…</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pearson hit the ground and peering from some cover spotted
the Confederate uniforms. He rushed back to his regiment to tell the colonel to
order the men to cover because they were about to be surrounded. Incredulous,
because he was operating from the same assumptions as everyone else that there
were far fewer Confederates in the area, his colonel sent him back. Pearson
braved the bullets once more long enough to identify the Confederate battle flag
before rushing back to his colonel.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The colonel still doubted whether it could be rebels
[and] took our flag and waved it above the ditch. It was instantly riddled with
bullets… [which] convinced him that the stars and stripes had no friends in
that quarter.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was then that Johnson’s charge hit. Nagle tried to get
his brigade to hunker under cover, but they had already been worn out by the
charge and except for Milroy’s one regiment had no one in range to support
them. They began to run as fast as they could to get over the railroad and back
to Groveton Woods. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Further down the Confederate line, the Louisiana brigade temporarily
under its senior colonel, Leroy Stafford, while Brig. General Starke replaced
the wounded Taliaferro at division level, watched Johnson go forward. Catching
the spirit, Colonel Stafford ordered his men to follow. A private in the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Louisiana wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The cry ‘forward’ rang along our lines, and we advanced
and ran almost into the Yankees, who giving us a deadly volley, fell back
rapidly across the field into the woods beyond, where a battery, supported by
swarms of troops, was posted.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The guns belonged to Captain Hampton, and had been placed
there by Robert Milroy. Exposed in the middle of an open field, his 3<sup>rd</sup>
[West] Virginia had been the target for the Louisianan’s charge. Nagle’s
brigade had utterly dissolved, freeing up some of Johnson’s Virginians to focus
on their loyal cousins as well. Milroy had sent for the battery when he thought
victory was near, but when the Confederate wave came crashing, had ridden back
personally and “hurried it frantically forward to near the edge of the forest.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He had only been able to get one section (two guns) forward
by the time of the charge. “I… commenced firing canister at three lines of rebels
just beyond the Railroad cut,” one of the gun commanders remembered, “And after
each shot, in looking under the rising smoke, I observed that the rebels were
running toward us and disappearing, and I so reported to Lieutenant Irish [the
section commander], who, with General Milroy, was close on my left.”</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
We had fired six shots, and were loading the seventh,
when General Milroy and Lieutenant Irish, having rode far enough in advance to
see into the Railroad Cut, and at this moment the rebel yell was raised, and
[Johnson’s and Stafford’s brigades] charged…</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Under a withering fire of minies and canister we pressed
on,” the 2<sup>nd</sup> Louisiana private recorded, “Bradley T. Johnson riding
ahead, with his sword run through his hat, waving us on, until we waved him out
of our line of fire. When we arrived within about one hundred yards of the
battery [Irish’s section] the line was halted, and under this raking fire the
alignment was corrected… Not a man faltered. Again ‘forward’ and we drove
straight for the guns.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Milroy saw the Confederates coming, but the 3<sup>rd</sup>
[West] Virginia had been the only regiment close to fighting condition, so
there was no one to protect the guns. He ordered Lieutenant Irish to retreat,
and had the battery’s other section set up in Groveton Woods to cover the
retreat. One gun got stuck on a stump and had to be abandoned to the
Louisianans, but the other got to cover. Milroy sent a frantic message to Pope
that the line had collapsed, and if he didn’t send reinforcements soon the
Confederates would be on him.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, the mob of men that had been Nagle’s brigade
crashed through an as-yet-unengaged brigade from Hooker’s division. The
Excelsior Brigade had been preparing to skirmish with the troops on the
railroad east of the Groveton-Sudley Road, but was now thrown into disarray.
Its commander wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having everything in readiness, I gave the order to
advance. The line had advanced but a few steps when the left was struck with
such violence by a regiment (which continued the line to the left) which had
broken that the [71<sup>st</sup> New York], which was on the left of the
brigade line, was almost carried away with it. I hastily rode to this part of
the line… and endeavored to stay this disgraceful retreat, but it was in vain;
the tide could not be stemmed. On they rushed over and through my line
perfectly panic stricken, breaking and carrying away with them the left of my
line.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Also caught up in the maelstrom of fleeing Union soldiers
were the men of Carr’s New Jersey brigade, who had thought they were out of the
fight. Fast on their would-be-relief’s heels were the Confederates, so Carr
reversed his brigade and put them back into battle lines as rapidly as he
could. One regiment commander reported:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The enemy, having turned the left flank of the entire
line of battle, came out in the open field to my left, and immediately after I
received their fire from the front, which I returned, driving them from our
immediate vicinity…</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As Nagle’s attack was collapsing, Pope was still waiting for
Fitz John Porter to flank Stonewall Jackson. When he had issued the Joint Order
that morning to Porter and Irwin McDowell, he had expected them to understand
that he meant for them to attack. It was an extremely high expectation on
Pope’s part, since nowhere in the order had he actually told them to attack. In
fact, both generals had read it as a cautionary order, discouraging attack.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Around the time Nagle’s men had reached their high-water
mark, Pope became disgusted with McClellan’s favorite general and wrote him a
new order:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Major General Porter: Your line of march brings you on
the enemy’s right flank. I desire you to push forward into action at once on
the enemy’s flank, and, if possible, on his rear, keeping your right in
communication with General Reynolds. The enemy is massed in the woods in front
of us, but can be shelled out as soon as you gain their flank. Keep heavy
reserves and use your batteries—keeping well closed to your right all the time.
In case you are obliged to fall back, do so to your right and rear, so as to
keep you in close communication with the right wing.</div>
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To make sure there was no confusion, Pope asked his nephew
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<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-42050429412830522652012-08-29T15:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T15:00:02.149-04:003pm: Brutal fighting on the unfinished railroad line<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
....................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1500.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>Lewis Farm</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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The men of the 1<sup>st</sup> South Carolina were stationed
on the edge of the woods that shrouded Meadowville Lane [No longer existent]
watching two brigades of John Reynolds’ Pennsylvania reserves march across what
one called “a pretty little meadow.” They watched as the Union men reached a
fence, which one of the Pennsylvanians recalled caused his regiment to “become
somewhat disordered in crossing.” As soon as they got through a Confederate
battery (possibly that of Fauquier County native Robert Stribling) opened fired
on the Northerners.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The Bucktails reached the Palmetto Staters’ skirmish line,
who fired and sprinted back to the regiment. The men in blue continued to
advance across the field under artillery fire, until they came within 100 yards
of the South Carolinians, who opened fire in a crashing volley. Reynolds’ two
brigades exchanged fire with the Southern regiment for about ten minutes, while
Stribling’s artillery zeroed in on the Union men. </div>
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<br /></div>
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But Reynolds’ heart had never been in the attack and he
called his men back. Just before they had stepped off he had received news that
Schenck’s division of the First Corps, Army of Virginia had been withdrawn from
Groveton. Unaware that Fitz John Porter’s Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac was
to his south on the Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington Road] and the rest of
his own Third Corps, Army of Virginia was attempting to find him, Reynolds
concluded he was now the only division south of Warrenton Turnpike. Since
neither Porter nor McDowell had any idea where Reynolds was, he might as well
have been.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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As the Pennsylvania Reserves scurried back to the Lewis
Farm, the 1<sup>st</sup> South Carolina gleefully welcomed the remainder of
their brigade at the woods’ edge, come to strengthen them in case Reynolds
tried another attack.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Bald Hill</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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McDowell was at that moment arriving on the battlefield. He
had left Patrick’s brigade of King’s division that he had gotten lost earlier
in the day, and ridden forward to join the lead brigade marching north on the
Sudley Road, that of Hatch, who was also serving as division commander after
King’s seizure the day before. Reaching Bald Hill, McDowell approved Hatch’s
request to rest his exhausted men, but only if they deployed across the hill
parallel to the road, facing west. It would have been a sensible precaution in
nearly any other set of circumstances.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Grover led his 1,500 men from Hooker’s division carefully
through the woods. The point on the railroad embankment he finally chose for
his attack was just a few hundred feet to the west of the spot the men of Sigel’s
First Corps had hammered all morning, eventually achieving a temporary
breakthrough. But the spot Grover chose was fully wooded to provide cover.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On the right flank, the historian of the 1<sup>st</sup>
Massachusetts remembered the men were grateful for the decision as soon as the
firing started, with the men</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
taking advantage of every tree behind which a man’s body
could be hidden, and creeping from tree to tree under cover of the thick
underbrush which constantly separated the men and mingled companies and even
regiments together…</div>
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Colonel Blaisdell, commanding the 11<sup>th</sup>
Massachusetts on the left flank of the brigade, wrote in his official report
that: </div>
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moving forward, driving the enemy’s pickets before it,
the regiment came upon and engaged a heavy line of the enemy’s infantry, which
was driven back and over a line of railroad where the road-bed was 10 feet
high, behind which was posted another heavy line of infantry, which opened a
terrific fire upon the regiment as it emerged from the woods. The 11<sup>th</sup>
regiment, being the battalion of direction, was the first to reach the
railroad, and of course received the heaviest of the enemy’s fire. This
staggered the men a little, but, recovering in an instant, they gave a wild
hurrah and over they went, mounting the embankment, driving everything before
them at the point of the bayonet.</div>
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To their right, the ever-colorful historian of the 2<sup>nd</sup>
New Hampshire, recalled the charge similarly:</div>
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…there was a crash of rebel musketry, an answering roar
of Yankee cheers, and almost instantly the 2d was pouring over the railroad
embankment. The dash was evidently a surprise to the rebels, as most of them,
having delivered their fire, were closely hugging the ground under cover of the
bank. They were expecting a return volley, apparently, but had not anticipated
looking into the muzzles of the guns that delivered it. Those that made a fight
were instantly shot or bayoneted, and in less time that it has taken to write
it the first rebel line was disposed of. Some threw up their hands and cried
for mercy; some doubtless “played possum”… while others, as soon as they could
realize what had happened, made a break for the rear, closely followed by the
men of the 2d, now wild with the rage of battle.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
An officer of the 45<sup>th</sup> Georgia was one of the few
that stayed to fight the Granite State men, and had a different opinion of his
regiment’s conduct:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gen. Hill had sent a currier previous to [the attack]
for us to get out from there, but we failed to get it. Our brigade fought like
heroes. Our regiment was in the center. The first we knew both wings had given
away and the 45<sup>th</sup> was nearly surrounded. The last fire I made I
stood on the embankment and fired right down amongst them just as they were
charging up the bank, about fifteen ranks deep. I turned and saw the whole
regiment getting away, and I followed the example in triple quick time.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Grover’s men plowed through the Georgians that had been
fighting all morning in support of Gregg’s South Carolina brigade. One of the South
Carolinians watched the attack unfold to his left, remembering that “a short
resistance was made and Thomas’ brigade gave way,” forcing him to scramble for
every man he could find to avoid the blue wave from crashing onto his own
brigade. But no matter how many men he gathered, if there were enough of them
they could simply wrap around his make-shift line and take them from behind.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thomas was able to stop enough Georgians a few hundred feet
back to make another stand, while the South Carolinians poured fire into the
ranks of New Englanders. Grover threw in his two reserve regiments and ordered
a messenger to find his long-promised support. The historian of the 2<sup>nd</sup>
New Hampshire again:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The fragments of the first line were driven in upon a
second, a few rods beyond the railroad, and here occurred the most desperate
fighting of the day—a hand-to-hand melee with bayonets and clubbed muskets.
Such a fight cannot last long. New Hampshire won. The second rebel line was
routed and scattered to the rear. By this time no semblance of organization was
left in the 2<sup>nd</sup>, but the men still on their feet dashed on again,
every one for himself.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Watching the whole affair with alarm was Brigadier General
Dorsey Pender and his North Carolina brigade. He wrote that the Northerners
“made a vigorous attack on our left, plunging with great fury into A.P. Hill’s
division, piercing with the bayonet a gap in our line. It looked for a time as
if the entire left wing of the Confederate army would be overwhelmed…”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But Pender wouldn’t allow that to happen. He ordered his
brigade to charge. With the fire from the South Carolinians hampering the 1<sup>st</sup>
Massachusetts, and well-positioned Confederates from a different brigade posing
a threat to the 11<sup>th</sup>, the New Hampshire men had gotten the furthest
beyond the line and bore the initial brunt of the counterattack. “The scattered
men of the 2d halted close up to the enemy, and loaded and fired as rapidly as
possible in an effort to hold the position they had won until supports could
come up.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
They didn’t. The historian of the 1<sup>st</sup>
Massachusetts said that “the enemy saw their advantage, and hastened to improve
it. They advanced with yells and shouts” while the Union men tried to fall back
slowly. Pender and his North Carolinians methodically drove them back over the
railroad embankment, the Georgians and the South Carolinians joining in. The 2<sup>nd</sup>
New Hampshire had the closest call of the brigade:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
As they recrossed the railroad bank they were exposed to
a murderous fire from each flank, to say nothing of the very bad language used
by the rebels in calling upon them to stop; and a few minutes delay would have
found that gap closed and almost the entire regiment securely corralled.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having seized the railroad embankment again, Pender moved
his brigade across and kept driving Grover through the woods. The brigade fell
back, with little organization to resist the North Carolinians, until they were
running across a field back towards Dogan’s Ridge. Only some well-aimed
artillery fire from Matthews’ Hill and the lack of support for Pender’s
unexpected success kept a massive rout from occurring. Instead, Pender fell
back to the railroad embankment to take up Thomas’s position while the Georgian
gathered up his men.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Where was Grover’s support? To the west, another of the
three brigades from Hooker’s division was charging the spot where the
unfinished railroad crossed Groveton-Sudley Road [Featherbed Lane]. The Jersey
men were probably not meant to be Grover’s support, since they were joining one
of their regiments that had been skirmishing at that spot in the line since
Robert Milroy had retreated from it earlier. Some claim that they made it
across the railroad embankment, but if so it was brief enough that Confederate
forces didn’t report it. Hooker’s third brigade might be a more likely source
of support, but they had remained inactive until nearly 4:00, when Hooker sent
them to relieve the New Jersey men.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The support promised to Grover was more likely meant to be
Kearny’s long-delayed attack. If the cantankerous general had attacked with his
brigade astride the railroad embankment since just before 3:00, Gregg’s South
Carolinians would have been caught between it and Grover and almost certainly
would have pulled back. But even that would have been temporary, since Kearny’s
other two brigades remained immobile until 4:00 and there would have been no
one to resist Pender’s counterattack. As it was, Grover and his staff had
serious work ahead of them to gather up the pieces of the brigade.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
If John Pope was aware of the peril to his right flank where
Pender had shattered Grover’s brigade, or to his left flank where Porter and
Reynolds represented small islands amidst an ocean of Confederates, there is no
record of it. In fact, for his entire life he denied that that situation had
ever existed. Only Longstreet’s difficulty locating the exact location of
McDowell’s corps kept Lee from ordering an all out attack that would have
obliterated the army.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Instead of being concerned about his own position, Pope had
become obsessed with capturing Jackson, who he still believed was alone and
trapped. The First Corps, Army of Virginia had been wrecked trying to carry the
railroad Jackson was hiding behind that morning, the Third Corps, Army of the
Potomac was in the process of attacking (and being wrecked), so Pope was
determined now to throw the Ninth Corps into the fight.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The affable Maj. General Jesse Reno, a loyal Virginian from
Wheeling, commanded the two division detachment of the Ninth Corps loaned to Pope
by its commanding general, Ambrose Burnside. One division had been scattered
along the line as it arrived on the field, but Reno’s own division of two
brigades remained on Dogan’s Ridge. Pope sat down to draft orders sending it
against the railroad where it crossed the Groveton-Sudley Road [Featherbed
Lane].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Around the time that he did so, one of his aides-de-camp
returned to headquarters. He had been with Reynolds during the attack from
Lewis Farm, and he had come to believe the Pennsylvanian when he swore that a
huge number of Confederates were south of the Turnpike. Reynolds had described
to the aide the large number of battle flags he had counted, and he had made
him watch the advance across the field with him.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“You are excited young man,” Pope admonished the aide when
he told him the number of Confederates he believed to be in front of Reynolds.
“The people you see are General Porter’s command taking position on the left of
the army.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-51298384819441447832012-08-29T14:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T14:00:00.381-04:002pm: Pope plans a new round of afternoon attacks<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
...........................................................................................................................................................</div>
<br />
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<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Dogan’s Ridge</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
From the Dogan House, Joe Hooker could clearly see the
Confederate artillery that had made short work of Milroy’s brigade massed on
Stony Ridge on the north end of the Brawner’s Farm. There seemed twice as many
as there had been at that time, which was, in fact, true, but Hooker had no way
of knowing that Longstreet’s artillery had been added to Jackson’s since then.
He was still operating off John Pope’s representation of the situation, which
claimed Longstreet had moved on Winchester and was taking up defensive
positions in the Shenandoah Valley.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pope was also the reason that Hooker was on Dogan’s Ridge
looking across at Stony Ridge. The Massachusetts man was trying to convince
Pope to call off an order for his men to launch an all-out attack on the
Unfinished Railroad line to fix Jackson in place so that Porter and McDowell
could more completely surprise him from the rear (a movement that had already
been aborted). Based on what had happened to the men of the First Corps, Army
of Virginia all morning and all those guns looking down on him from Stony
Ridge, Hooker thought his men would be murdered.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Pope was unconcerned. He had heard three guns fire far to
the southwest [unaccounted for in after action reports] that he believed
signaled the beginning of Porter’s attack, which would be able to easily take
the artillery on Stony Ridge. Hooker had to attack, but he issued Kearny an
order to attack at Sudley Church as well to remove some of the pressure from
Hooker’s men. Almost as an afterthought, he sent a copy of the written orders
to Hooker and Kearny’s corps commander, Sam Heintzelman.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Heintzelman’s men were going in to replace the men of Franz
Sigel’s corps. The First Corps, Army of Virginia were weary from fighting all
morning, and almost out of ammunition. They had mostly been mauled by the
Confederates, but one brigade from Schurz’s division had managed to take the
railroad embankment and turn the tables on the Confederates, only to be
overwhelmed because no reinforcements came. Too late, a brigade from the Ninth
Corps had arrived, allowing them to pull back, but also for the Confederates to
retake the embankment.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The localized success of Schurz’s division should have had
the support of the division of Phil Kearny already, but the aggressive Kearny
had inexplicably refused to move decisively. Kearny had positively boiled under
George McClellan on the Peninsula, culminating in a signed statement
pronouncing the army’s commander a coward. It seemed hardly possible, but he
liked John Pope even less. He believed the general a braggart and a fool, so
its unsurprising that even direct orders from Pope himself were unable to move
the one-armed New Yorker until he had double- and tripled-checked everything.
That the men of Sigel’s corps were widely stereotyped as the worst in the Union
and always on the verge of a catastrophe probably didn’t help him move faster.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But that is not to say that Kearny did nothing for hours
after his arrival. In fact, he was engaged in a series of marches and
countermarches trying to find the weak point to exploit in the Confederate
defenses along the railroad. At Sudley Church he thought he had finally found
it. There were no Confederates on the railroad embankment there, so, after
placing skirmishers on the church grounds to avoid surprises, he ordered one of
his brigades to take up position at a 45 degree angle across the embankment,
with the bulk of it on the far side. Now when Hooker attacked, Kearny’s men
would be in position to cut off the retreat and rout the Confederates that had
bedeviled Schurz all morning.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Groveton Woods</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Just north of Groveton to the east of the Groveton-Sudley
Road [Featherbed Lane], Brig. General Cuvier Grover received word from Hooker
that Pope would not call off the attack. Hooker chose the brigade of New
Englanders he himself had trained during the winter in Charles County, Maryland
to lead the attack, so Grover began forming up the men. He had dubiously asked
the staff officer carrying the message where his support was for an attack, and
was assured “it is coming.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Spotting the signs of a brigade preparing to attack, Robert
Milroy sought him out.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
I saw [Grover] forming up his Bgd. For the attack and
being deeply interested in his success, I rode up along his lines to where he
was and told him how I had wrecked on that position and what to expect. He
asked me how he had best do. I told him the only way he could drive them was to
go forward with fixed bayonets and loaded guns, fire when they got close and
dash over the R.R. embankment with a yell and drive them at a point of a
bayonet.</div>
</blockquote>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Grover didn’t record his opinion of Milroy’s advice, but he
certainly took it, riding up and down his line and ordering his men to load and
fix bayonets. When another order came to go forward, despite the support still
not having materialized, the general moved the brigade forward through the
brush slowly, while Milroy’s men called out a mixture of encouragement and
doom. The five regiments were grouped in two lines, the 11<sup>th</sup>
Massachusetts, 2<sup>nd</sup> New Hampshire, and 1<sup>st</sup> Massachusetts
in front, with the 20<sup>th</sup> Pennsylvania and the 16<sup>th</sup>
Massachusetts in back. It would provide a broad front to impact the line, with
two regiments to rush to either flank if threatened or push forward more.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Grover halted the brigade and rode forward with his staff to
personally survey the ground. Remembering Milroy’s account, which certainly
included a great deal more caution than what that general later wrote down,
Grover made a decision not to strike the railroad where it was intersected by
the Groveton-Sudley Road [Featherbed Lane], and to turn it to the right to seek
a place of greater vulnerability.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Northwest of Manassas Junction</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Robert E. Lee rode down Meadowville Lane [No longer
existent] with Longstreet through the right wing of the Army of Northern
Virginia. Hearing reports from the brigade commanders and viewing what
Longstreet had viewed a few hours early, he ruefully admitted that his trusted
subordinate was correct. The Union forces coming upon the Confederate right
from the Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington Road] were a serious threat. Lee
recommended that Longstreet order his reserve division under Cadmus Wilcox from
Brawner’s Farm to take up a position astride the road as a further precaution.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, the Union division in strong position at the
Lewis Farm that Longstreet had been concerned about, began to advance. It was
the Pennsylvania Reserves of John Reynolds, who had been irritated to receive
an order directly from Pope to attack the Confederates in front so that Porter
and McDowell could get in position to attack from Gainesville. It is unclear
whether Pope understood Reynolds’ position, but he certainly didn’t understand
that Reynolds had spent the last few hours watching Confederates march past
him. The Bucktails leading as skirmishers, the two so-far unengaged brigades of
the Reserves started forward.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Across the way, watching from the woods, the South Carolina
brigade of Jenkins division watched the Pennsylvanians cross the field and
prepared to welcome them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Further south, on the Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington
Road], the Union troops that so worried Lee were equally worried about him. In
command of the Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac, Fitz John Porter had concluded
that Longstreet’s wing of the army was on the field in front of him, which
meant that his roughly 9,000 men were faced off against 20,000 Confederates.
Without cavalry, Porter had no idea if those 20,000 men were all right in front
of him, or stretched out to Gainesville and beyond. But his lead division
commander had been reliably sending back every shred of evidence gathered by
his skirmishers, and it was definitely Longstreet in front of him. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Assuming McDowell would soon take up position to his right,
Porter had his men begin preparing defenses to be the far left of Pope’s army.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-79705015489702981552012-08-29T13:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T13:00:08.943-04:001pm: Lee hesitates, is Pope trying to flank him? No, he's just confused<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
..................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>Brawner’s</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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On Stuart’s Hill, just across from Brawner’s Farm, Jeb
Stuart’s messenger arrived to put the final nail in the coffin for Lee’s
desired early afternoon counteroffensive. Longstreet had been arguing that the
Union was in too strong of a position along Lewis Lane [Groveton Rd] (Schenck
and Reynolds), and that it would stretch the Confederate forces too thin to
flank them to resist an attack from the suspected force at Manassas Junction.
When Stuart’s messenger arrived reporting at least 15,000 men on the Manassas-Gainesville
Road [Wellington Road], Lee at last relented. </div>
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He needed to know more about the force marching from
Manassas Junction. Who were they, what did they know, and what did they intend
to do?</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Groveton</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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When John Pope denied troops to replace Schurz’s men, Franz
Sigel had immediately set to work coming up with a new plan for getting his men
some relief. His first thought was to send Schenck from his spot at Groveton up
Sudley Road and into action on Schurz’s right flank. Kearny apparently hadn’t
received his request to attack or was ignoring it, so Sigel wanted to use his
own troops instead.</div>
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Schenck balked. His skirmishers were engaged heavily with
Confederate skirmishers (of Hood’s division, unbeknownst to the Union men) and
if Schenck left, John Reynolds would be left all along south of the Turnpike
against an enemy force of unknown size that would have only Reynolds between it
and the backsides of the entire Union army. Until Porter and McDowell came down
the Turnpike from Gainesville, Schenck successfully persuaded his corps
commander, the division couldn’t move from its spot.</div>
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<b>Northwest of Manassas Junction</b></div>
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Three brigades of King’s division turned left onto the
Sudley Road from the Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington Road], marching past
the resting men of James Ricketts’ division. Ricketts’ men had had a long
morning of marching and were happy to let King’s men march past them to battle.
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the intersection for a second time that day, but from the opposite direction,
since they themselves had been halted there since mid-morning.</div>
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But one brigade was missing from the division, still lost in
the woods with the corps commander. McDowell and the final brigade would rejoin
the division at about 2:00, but in the rear instead of the front as the
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<br /></div>
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<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
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One brigade of Carl Schurz’s division had managed to seize
the railroad embankment, now, with the timely help of artillery, the other was
making an effort. According to Gregg’s South Carolinians ensconced on a rocky
knoll above the embankment, it was a futile effort.</div>
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Our men had seldom better direction for their aim than
the bushes from which the fire was poured in upon them. They were made to lie
down and rise only to fire. Volley after volley was poured into them, but still
they stood. The enemy dared not cross the railroad cut, though in force vastly
superior to our own. </div>
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At least one regiment from the brigade had, in fact,
attained the railroad, but it had hardly done so before Schurz realized no one
was on his flank (Milroy should have been, but his men were recovering out of
danger). Too late to save the position, but in time to prevent a rout, Joe
Hooker sent two New Jersey regiments forward to draw attention further down
Jackson’s line.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Thomas’s Georgia brigade charged a spot where the railroad
grade descended from an embankment to a cut, and dislodged the flank of
Schurz’s left brigade. Schurz now had no choice but to pull his men back and
hope that there would be enough men of the Ninth Corps or from Kearny’s
division to keep it from becoming a disaster.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-65448862566215107692012-08-29T12:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T12:00:07.284-04:0012pm: Yanks break Jackson's line, but beaten back, Longstreet arrives<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
...................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png/520px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png/520px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1200.png" width="346" /></a></div>
<b>Brawner’s</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Lee had placed his headquarters on Stuart’s Hill,
overlooking the Warrenton Turnpike [US 29] just to the south of the Brawner
farm. The two wings of his army were now stretched at an obtuse angle hinging
on the Brawner house, like a gigantic set of jaws ready to snap shut on the men
in blue in the middle. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The upper jaw was Jackson’s wing, positioned, though not
dug-in, behind the embankment of the Unfinished Railroad. Taliaferro’s
division, now led by Starke was Jackson’s right flank. Except for skirmishers,
the whole division was held several hundred yards behind the railroad
embankment, protected from Union artillery fire. Next in line was Ewell’s
division, under Lawton, with two brigades battling on the railroad embankment,
and three several hundred yards back in reserve. A.P. Hill’s massive Light
Division covered the left, with four brigades along the railroad all the way to
Sudley Church, and two in reserve.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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The lower jaw was Longstreet’s wing. Hood’s division
straddled the Turnpike at the Brawner farm, with the independent brigade of
Shanks Evan as its reserve. The divisions of Kemper and Neighbor Jones extended
south to the Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington Road]. Wilcox’s division was
held as an army reserve, and Anderson’s was still a days’ march away. A brigade
of J.E.B. Stuart’s cavalry guarded either extreme of the army.</div>
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<br /></div>
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After six hours of the Union men throwing themselves
fruitlessly on Jackson’s wing, Lee wanted to use Longstreet’s fresh men to snap
the jaws shut. But Longstreet resisted launching the attack, telling Lee he had
no personal knowledge of the ground or the enemy’s positioning, and only basic
maps. Though impatient, Lee acknowledged the wisdom of Longstreet’s caution,
and gave him permission to scout. Recognizing his chief’s desire, Longstreet hurried
off, but gave orders for the bulk of his artillery to be concentrated at
Brawner’s Farm for maximum effect.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Groveton</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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East of Groveton on the Turnpike, Franz Sigel, the First
Corps (Army of Virginia) commander, had concentrated the bulk of his artillery,
in order to cover the retreat of Robert Milroy. Sigel was probably unaware that
the men at Brawner’s were now Longstreet’s and not Jackson’s. John Pope
definitely was.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The commander of the Union army had arrived at mid-day, and
then rode forward from his headquarters established on the reverse slope of
Dogan’s Ridge to discuss the situation with Sigel. Sigel described to Pope how
he had started Schenck’s division down the Turnpike, only to run into the
Confederates that had attacked McDowell’s men the night before, leading to
another conflict at the Brawner’s Farm. Meanwhile, he had sent Schurz’s
division up the Sudley Road, to get around the Confederates at Brawner’s, only
to find more Confederates.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Then Milroy, supposed to be supporting Schenck, had stirred
up a hornet’s nest at another point between Schneck’s trouble and Schurz’s.
Reynolds’ Pennsylvania Reserves from the still-absent Army of Virginia Third
Corps of McDowell had gone in to help Schenck, who had sent half his force to
help out Milroy. Kearny’s division from Heintzelman’s Army of the Potomac Third
Corps had arrived, but so far had been little help to Schurz. Reynolds and
Schenck had managed to extricate themselves from the fight at Brawner’s, and
Milroy appeared to have been rescued from his spot by the artillery
concentration, but Schurz was still in trouble. Could General Pope provide a
force to relieve Schurz exhausted men?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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John Pope flatly denied the request. Schurz’s men were going
to have to keep on fighting, and what’s more they were to attack. Sigel had
ordered Schurz to counterattack in cooperation with Kearny just before Pope
arrived in order to buy breathing room so his men could be replaced by the
arriving reinforcements from Jesse Reno’s Ninth Corps. Both men parted, Sigel hating
Pope for his lack of feeling, and Pope hating Sigel for his incompetence.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The fact is Pope thought he saw an opportunity. Jackson had
been more of a fool than expected, and had stretched his entire force in a
vulnerable position, where Pope’s army now had localized superiority in
numbers. Pope would pour Heintzelman’s Third Corps men and Reno’s Ninth Corps
men against the railroad embankment, forcing Jackson to reinforce, while
McDowell’s Third Corps and Porter’s Fifth Corps would soon be in Gainesville,
and able to cut Jackson off from the rest of the Confederate army under
Longstreet. So it worked in Pope’s mind.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Northwest of Manassas Junction</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The man in possession of the knowledge that Longstreet was
not, in fact, far off, but instead on the battlefield south of the Turnpike and
linked up with Jackson, was again lost in the woods. Irvin McDowell had decided
to march his Third Corps, Army of Virginia, back to Manassas Junction, then
north to the Turnpike to join up with its missing division on the Union left.
But to save time, McDowell had marched with one brigade down a country road
that he thought was a short-cut. Instead, he was lost in the same country he
had been forced to spend the night in while trying to take a different
short-cut.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Further up the Manassas-Gainesville Road [Wellington Road],
Fitz John Porter, commanding the Fifth Corps, had decided that the Confederates
were in front of him in force, probably the divisions of James Longstreet, as
McDowell’s intelligence report had indicated. Before he had gotten lost,
McDowell had denied a request from Porter to loan him one division
(King’s—having just gotten it back, McDowell sure wasn’t parting with it
voluntarily) to break through the Confederates in front of him. </div>
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<br /></div>
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At an impasse, facing an enemy of unknown strength, and on
unknown ground, Porter halted his column, and sent one brigade north along
Dawkin’s Branch to try to see if he could find a path to Sigel. Before leaving,
McDowell had suggested Porter remain where he was. Porter hadn’t liked the
idea, but now it seemed like wise counsel.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Not far away, with several of his best scouts, Jeb Stuart
looked down on Porter’s column and the dust being raised by McDowell and tried
to deduce what the massive Union force on the Manassas-Gainesville Road
[Wellington Road] was doing. He would keep watching, but first he would send a
messenger back to Lee at top-speed to let him know about this potential
problem.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unaware that they were not about to be relieved after all, Carl
Schurz’s men charged the railroad embankment again. Major Blessing of the 74<sup>th</sup>
Pennsylvania of Schurz’s right brigade wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Forming again in column for attack the regiment advanced
in quick time toward the enemy, who gave way until he arrived at the other side
of the railroad dam. Here [we were] again flanked by the enemy, and under a
galling fire of grape-shot and canister, the regiment had to leave its
position, which it did by making a flank movement to the left, forcing the
enemy to withdraw from the woods.</div>
</blockquote>
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The brigade had seized the railroad embankment, and it was
the Confederates that at last had to face the brutal fire from the superior
defensive position. Schurz sent for artillery, in order to sure-up the narrow
breakthrough, and desperately waited for Kearny’s division to begin attacking
to his right.</div>
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<br /></div>
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But Kearny’s attack did not come. Not only that, but he
withdrew the regiment that had covered the problematic gap between the two
brigades of Schurz’s division, leaving them again vulnerable to being split
down the middle. The brigade of Ninth Corps reinforcements that was supposed to
replace Kearny’s men never got within range of the main fight, though they were
close enough for the South Carolina sharpshooters to pick off their officers.</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-22519525633635479102012-08-29T11:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T11:00:12.028-04:0011am: Jackson repulses all challengers, Porter's Yanks continue for Gainesville<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
...................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<b>North of Bull Run</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Maj. William Patrick dismounted his six companies of the 1<sup>st</sup>
Virginia Cavalry on a mission to turn back an entire brigade of Phil Kearny’s
northerners that had crossed Bull Run and were now threatening the supply
wagons for Jackson’s wing of the Confederate army. He advanced them to the
omnipresent Unfinished Railroad. The Union brigade commander reported:</div>
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“I saw the enemy’s skirmishers deployed to meet us along the
line of the railroad, and could see the glistening of the bayonets of the
supports in the cornfield beyond [in fact, stragglers].”</div>
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<br /></div>
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His skirmishers, the 2<sup>nd</sup> Michigan, moved up the
hill steadily, until they were almost in range of Patrick’s dismounted cavalry.
Suddenly, Pelham’s horse artillery opened fire from its position near Sudley
Ford, behind the Michiganders, and to their left. “At this moment,” a member of
the regiment wrote, “we got orders to face about and ‘double quick’ to the
shelter of the wood. We had to pass through a perfect hail of grape and
canister which ripped the sod under our very feet. In noticeable gusts the
missiles swept through our ranks.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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Patrick’s men pursued, to add extra impetus for the Union
withdrawal, and the brigade took cover in the woods under the cover of Union
artillery fire. The bluff had worked, Kearny sent orders to pull the brigade
back across Bull Run, but Maj. Patrick had been killed in the process, the
price for defeating the Union’s best chance at winning the battle.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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While Kearny maneuvered, Maxcy Gregg’s South Carolinians
were about to break the men Kearny was supposedly supporting. The 12<sup>th</sup>
South Carolina lead the charge, hammering into the right flank of the
overextended 1<sup>st</sup> New York, trying to cover the gap between the two
brigades of Carl Schurz. “The 12<sup>th</sup> charged in the most gallant
manner,” its colonel reported, “firing as it advanced, and putting the enemy completely
to rout, pursued them with heavy slaughter through the woods and until they
crossed the field beyond and ran out of sight.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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Every man in his division already fighting, Schurz rode
forward personally to try to rally his scattered regiments. The 29<sup>th</sup>
New York had pivoted to try to give the 1<sup>st</sup> New York to reform after
the brutal assaults of the South Carolinians, but they were quickly becoming
overwhelmed too, as the 1<sup>st</sup> Rifles of South Carolina sharpshooters
caught up with their fellow Palmetto Staters. Schurz personally rode through
the scattered 54<sup>th</sup> New York, bellowing appeals to their patriotism.
It gathered enough men to send help to the 29<sup>th</sup>, buying enough time
for an as-yet-unengaged brigade from the First Corps reserves to arrive and
stabilize the line. The South Carolinians slowly fell back to the railroad.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The immediate crisis passed, Schurz received an order from
Maj. General Franz Sigel, still in command of the field, for his and Kearny’s
division to begin an all out attack on the Confederates in front of them.
Perhaps Sigel still believed that it was only several divisions and wanted to
break through to defeat the force at Brawner’s Farm, or perhaps he had realized
that Jackson was not retreating, but in line from Brawner’s to Sudley Springs
and wanted to prevent him from concentrating all his men against Schenck to the
southwest. Either way, Schurz put his men into motion for a counterattack, and
prayed for Kearny’s guns to start firing.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Groveton</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Whatever his understanding of Jackson’s total position,
Sigel had directed almost all of his artillery fire on the Confederates of
Ewell’s division (led by Lawton since Ewell’s injury) that was threatening to
overrun Robert Milroy’s brigade. Milroy had not well economized use of his
force and sent a small portion of it into a hornet’s nest that was now
threatening to split the Northern forces in half.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Now Milroy, with his brigade reunited and with a brigade of
reinforcements from Robert Schenck, had formed his men up in an open field and
the Confederate artillery was returning the favor. The two brigades of Union
men were being cut to pieces, when Joe Hooker arrived. Recognizing the
futileness of the ground immediately, Hooker sent one regiment into battle to
stem the Confederate advance, while holding the rest of his division behind a
ridge to the east of the Groveton woods. He sent orders for Milroy to pull back
his men along this new line he had established.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Brawner’s</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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South of Brawner’s Farm, Robert Schenck was missing the
brigade he had sent to Milroy. Longstreet was continuing to spread his men to
the south, threatening to outflank Schneck’s support, the division of John
Reynolds that now outnumbered the division he was supposed to be supporting by
three-to-one. Reynolds had already decided to fall back to Lewis Lane [Groveton
Rd], and Schneck regrettably joined him.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>Northwest of Manassas Junction</b></div>
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<br /></div>
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While gloomily riding behind Fitz John Porter’s Fifth Corps,
Army of the Potomac, Irvin McDowell was interrupted by a messenger from army
commander John Pope. The messenger gave him the Joint Order, which said that
Porter and McDowell should operate together, but which more importantly to
McDowell restored King’s division to his command. He had hardly finished
reading it, when Buford’s report from Gainesville arrived about the movement of
Longstreet’s wing of the Confederate army. With both in hand, he rode forward
along the long column to find Porter.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Porter had already received the joint order, and the two
discussed the situation. McDowell casually repeated Buford’s intelligence about
Longstreet, but did not place much emphasis on it. Porter’s skirmishers
appeared to be firing at Longstreet’s men, and McDowell could see a large dust
cloud up ahead, that he assumed was from it. They must be moving east on the Warrenton
Turnpike [US 29], he told Porter, towards Reynold’s division and Sigel’s
corps—both supposed to be under McDowell—and so it was essential to execute the
discretion allowed by the Joint Order.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Assuming because of the dust cloud that the Turnpike was not
far off, McDowell decided to turn his men around and then move them up the
Sudley Road towards the sound of the artillery, before Longstreet’s men arrived
to overwhelm Sigel. McDowell left Porter to continue the march towards Gainesville,
while he executed his new plan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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But Porter barely made much more progress, advancing to
Dawkin’s Branch, where he discovered not the cavalry skirmishers he had been
fighting all morning, but Confederate infantry.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6897992565045541681.post-67915909058831760892012-08-29T10:00:00.000-04:002012-08-29T10:00:11.183-04:0010am: Sigel's Yanks make 2nd and 3rd charges at unfinished railroad, reinforced piecemeal<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: center;">
.....................................................................................................................................................</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png/618px-Second_Bull_Run_Aug29_1000.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b>Manassas Junction</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Shortly after 10:00 am, McDowell recognized that he could
filibuster no longer, and would have to implement Pope’s orders or risk
derailing the entire plan of battle. Porter may have pointed this out to him,
or (less likely given his personality) waited until McDowell arrived at it
himself. The generals broke up their meeting and sent their various staff off
to set the column in motion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Porter had agreed to let McDowell issue orders to King’s
division (still being commanded by Hatch) to march, and also to let stand aside
to let the Fifth Corps pass it so it would not be separated so far from the
rest of McDowell’s corps. Porter was only too happy to have his men in the
front of the column. As McDowell rode to tell them, he was alerted that
Ricketts’ division had completed their march from Bristoe that morning. Now
that he had two of his three divisions in the same place again, things were
beginning to come together for McDowell.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Centreville</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Things were going even better for McDowell than he realized.
John Pope had received dispatches from both Porter and McDowell, each
complaining about the other and both complaining about their orders. Irritably,
Pope sat down to untangle the entire matter and issued an identical order to
both of them to explain what they needed to get about doing.</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="font-weight: 400;">You will please move forward with your
joint commands toward Gainesville. I sent General Porter written orders to that effect an
hour. and a half ago. Heintzelman, Sigel, and Reno are moving on the Warrenton turnpike,
and must now be nut far from Gainesville. I
desire that as soon as communication is established between this force and your own. the
whole command shall halt. It may be necessary to fall back behind Bull Run at Centreville
to-night. I presume it will be so, on account of our supplies. If any considerable
advantages are to be gained by departing from this order it will not be strictly carried
ont. One thing mew. that the troops must occupy a position from which they can reach Bull
Run, to-night or by morning. The indications are that the whole force of the enemy is
moving in this direction at a pace that will bring them here by to- morrow night or the
next day.</b> </div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Having set his subordinates straight, Pope packed up his
headquarters and rode past the Ninth Corps men marching towards Stone Bridge to
catch up with Heintzelman and his two divisions.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Groveton</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, north of Groveton, Milroy had come up with a plan
for his remaining two regiments. He would attack the flank of the supposed
Confederate rearguard division that was harassing Schenck’s division with
artillery fire, which he presumed must be on the edge of the Brawner property
and anchored on Groveton-Sudley Road [Featherbed Lane]. The 82<sup>nd</sup> Ohio
and 5<sup>th</sup> [West] Virginia regiments marched quickly towards the berm of
the Unfinished Railroad that crossed Groveton-Sudley Road [Featherbed Lane]. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A soldier from the 82<sup>nd</sup> wrote that “within a few
paces… [the Confederates sprang from behind the berm] and with a wild yell
poured a deadly volley full into our faces.” The Ohio colonel urged his men
forward, even as the loyal Virginians staggered and hunkered down. Running at
the railroad<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berm they “commenced
scaling the embankment, a portion of the regiment passing it through an opening
for a culvert. Just at this moment a large force of Rebels appeared on the
regiment’s right flank.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It was either the 12<sup>th</sup> Georgia or else a
detachment of the 15<sup>th</sup> Alabama immediately in front of the Ohio men,
part of Trimble’s brigade of Ewell’s division that Milroy thought were far out
to his left fighting Schneck at Brawner’s Farm. In the fierce crossfire, the
colonel of the 82<sup>nd</sup> Ohio was killed instantly when a ball struck him
in the head. The men began to fall back rapidly onto the already beleaguered 5<sup>th</sup>
[West] Virginia, and Milroy was at suddenly risk of being complete overwhelmed
by a force that was much, much larger than he had anticipated.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Brawner’s</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While Milroy launched his misguided flank, the general he
was supposedly bailing out was trying to stabilize his own position. Under
steady artillery fire, Robert Schneck was trying to place the two brigades of
his division on a perpendicular line straddling the Turnpike north and south at
the east edge of the Brawner Wood. He expected Milroy’s brigade to extend his
right flank north to the Unfinished Railroad and Reynolds’ division to take up
the line on the south. It wasn’t quite where Pope had wanted the men of Sigel’s
First Corps, Army of Virginia, but it would meet the threat at Brawner’s Farm
of Jackson’s supposed rearguard.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Schenck was startled to learn that the two regiments of
Milroy’s that had already been sent to link up with his right flank had been
recalled. Milroy’s remaining two regiments, they told him, had been surprised
by a very large Confederate force that had been hiding north on Groveton-Sudley
Road [Featherbed Lane]. And not only did Milroy need his entire brigade, but he
needed reinforcements fast. Schenck quickly ordered his brigade north of the
Turnpike to turn 135 degrees to their right and rush to Milroy’s support.
Things were clearly not what they seemed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On Stuart’s Hill at the intersection of Pageland Lane and
the Turnpike, where less than a day before John Gibbon had come under fire,
James Longstreet rode with his men. Hood’s Division had been the first on the
field, and replaced the two brigades of Jackson that had been skirmishing with
the Pennsylvania Bucktails. With one brigade on either side of the Turnpike,
Hood began moving them forward against the Pennsylvanians immediately, his old
Texas Brigade displacing the Bucktail skirmishers, who nevertheless fell back
doggedly.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, Longstreet and Lee had found Jackson north of the
Brawner farm and discussed the situation with him. Lee couldn’t have been more
pleased. His army would soon be reunited into one whole, meanwhile his opponent
was scattered all over northern Virginia and even in the immediate vicinity was
deploying piecemeal. Longstreet was sent to place his remaining brigades out to
Hood’s right, to turn the Confederate position into a giant set of open jaws.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Opposite Longstreet’s arriving men, in blue, George Meade
quickly figured out that he was rapidly becoming outnumbered. As the Bucktails
fell back and his own brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves began to bear the brunt
of the Texan advance, Meade sent a messenger flying to John Reynolds for the
remainder of the division, and to Robert Schenck for reinforcements from the
First Corps men. Reynolds immediately sent forward another brigade of Pennsylvanians,
who rushed through a ravine to Meadowville Lane, but were surprised to come
under fire not from the direction of the fighting Meade was doing, but from due
west. Yet another brigade of Confederates had appeared!</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These were the lead brigade of Neighbor Jones, turning off
from Pageland Lane and immediately going into battle, the rest of their
division not far behind. Schenck, meanwhile, sent his regrets to Reynolds that
he had only one brigade left, having sent the other to rescue Milroy. Reynolds
quickly ordered his own remaining brigade of Pennsylvanians to march behind
Meade’s men and fill in the gap with the other brigade, to avoid the threat of
being split in half by Jones’ division. But it was just meant to buy time, and
he sent orders for the whole division to fall back to Lewis Lane [Groveton Rd]
once everyone was in position. Schenck would do the same.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Sudley Springs</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As Longstreet’s men arrived on the southwest side of the
battlefield, Maj. General Phil Kearny led his division into battle to the
northeast. While Maj. General Sam Heintzelman was technically the commander of
the Third Corps, Army of the Potomac, Kearny’s larger-than-life antics and commanding
personality made his arrival the greater morale-boost to the confused First
Corps, Army of the Virginia. With typical dramatic flair, Kearny summoned the
First Corps division commander Carl Schurz to give him a situation report,
after sending his first brigade into battle to sure-up Schurz men.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Schurz’s division was heavily engaged along the Unfinished
Railroad just to the west of Sudley Road against a Confederate force of at
least several brigades that wasn’t supposed to be there. Worse, the two
brigades had a gap between them that the Confederate commander, Maxcy Gregg,
was trying to hammer open further. The 1<sup>st</sup> New York of Kearny’s lead
brigade was placed directly in this gap. Its major, leading the regiment
because of casualties, wrote:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
I immediately put the regiment in motion and advanced to
within 50 yards of the railroad, when I was attacked by a very heavy force of
the enemy. The regiment returned the fire with great vigor, driving the enemy
behind the bank caused by filling a low piece of ground for the road.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The rest of the brigade, however, did not join the New Yorkers
in the gap. Kearny had asked Schurz to shift his whole force to the left so
that he could put his division into battle along the Sudley Road without having
to split it. When Heintzelman learned this, he fumed. He had told Kearny to
immediately go into battle wherever Schurz was weak, just like his other
division under Joe Hooker was now marching as fast as possible to reinforce
Milroy and Schenck.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Instead, Kearny had ordered one brigade to ford Bull Run and
was maneuvering the other two towards Sudley Church for an imagined flank
attack. Heintzelman (and Schurz) were pretty sure that by the time Kearny was
ready for his attack, the Confederates would already have crushed the wavering
men of the First Corps.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The major of the 1<sup>st</sup> New York recorded the stress
from the point of view of soldiers on the battlefield:</div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<div class="MsoNormal">
After holding this position [50 yards from the railroad]
about half an hour<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I found that the
enemy was swinging around my flanks, and had succeeded on the left in getting
so far behind me that I mistook their fire for that of our own troops coming to
my relief, but on turning in that direction I saw the error, and ordered the
regiment to retire. About 300 yards from the first point of attack I reformed
the regiment under fire, and held the enemy at this point for one half-hour.
The men seemed determined not to be forced from this ground, but, the enemy
getting around both of my flanks, I found it necessary to take a new position
farther to the rear, while I anxiously looked for help, but none came.</div>
</blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The rest of his brigade was marching into the position near
Sudley Church. At the same time the sister brigade that had crossed Bull Run
was unknowingly about to flank Jackson’s line and capture all of his supply
wagons. Seeing their skirmish line march up the gradual hill, Brig. General
Fitzhugh Lee sent six companies of the 1<sup>st</sup> Virginia Cavalry and
Pelham’s horse artillery to bluff them away.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
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